Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

Three Dimensional Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Basement Excavation on Underlying Tunnels

Rapid urban development in cities often requires construction activities close to existing tunnels, including basement excavation directly above the tunnels. Based on three dimensional finite element method, the influence of basement excavation on the underlying tunnels was studied. In the numerical model, A tunnel was located under a rectangular excavation with its axes parallel to the long side of the rectangle. The results of numerical analyses indicate that for the tunnel located underneath the centerline of the excavation, overlying excavation will cause the shortening of horizontal diameter and the lengthening of vertical diameter of the tunnel lining. For the tunnel located close to the diaphragm wall, maximum diameter changes often take place in a sub-vertical direction due to the rotation of the tunnel lining during excavation. The spatial effect of the excavation also has an obvious influence on the displacement and distortion of the tunnel cross section.     

抑毒灵对烟草育苗期TMV的钝化作用

选用对烟草花叶病毒(tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)具有显著钝化作用的脱脂牛奶和磷酸三钠为研究对象,通过枯斑法测定脱脂牛奶和磷酸三钠两者复配制剂（称为抑毒灵）对烟草漂浮育苗过程中被TMV污染的基质及剪叶器的钝化作用,并利用透射电镜观察抑毒灵对病毒粒体的影响,同时采用实时qPCR对TMV含量以及寄主防御蛋白相对表达量进行定量检测。抑毒灵稀释液对TMV的钝化作用表现出时间和浓度依赖性,且不同处理间抑制率差异显著。抑毒灵与TMV接种液混合3 min后可完全抑制TMV对叶片的侵染。采用500倍抑毒灵消毒1 min以上时间抑制效果最佳。剪叶器具经稀释500倍的抑毒灵浸泡不少于5 min时对TMV的钝化效果可达100%。不同浓度的抑毒灵稀释液可显著钝化基质中的TMV,抑制TMV对烟苗的侵染和发病率,基质中TMV的含量下降74.09%~90.26%,相对防效达54.83%~85.45%。此外,所有抑毒灵处理中烟苗叶片表现正常,无药害发生。钝化病毒机制研究发现,经抑毒灵稀释液共孵育后的病毒粒体断裂成微小片段,外壳蛋白受损严重,螺旋结构和柱状基本消损完。与此同时,抑毒灵可提高防御酶PPO和PAL的酶活,还可显著诱导防御基因NPR1、PAL、PR1b和PR1a的表达。综上,抑毒灵可通过直接作用于病毒粒体和诱导寄主抗性起到抗病毒效果。     

中国气候变化对农作物育种策略影响探究

气候变化直接影响农作物产量,根据生产实际和气候特征,因地制宜选育农作物新品种,对保障中国粮食安全具有重要的意义。本文利用1979—2014年中国粮食主产区和西北地区气象站点数据及粮食产量数据,通过进一步的统计分析,明确粮食产量与气候变化特征。结果表明：中国东北地区、黄淮海地区、长江流域地区和西北地区年平均气温增幅均值分别为0.30℃/10 a、0.37℃/10 a、0.38℃/10 a和0.48℃/10 a,与粮食产量相关性显著;年平均气温空间上从南到北、从东到西呈降低趋势;由于热量资源分布不均导致各地区年降水量变化差异显著,但与粮食产量相关性不显著。粮食作物应以优质、高产、多抗以及适宜于机械化生产为原则,采用传统育种和现代分子生物学技术相结合的育种策略,重点提高东北地区水稻品种的耐涝性和抗倒性,黄淮海和长江流域地区水稻品种的耐高温性,西北地区晚稻品种的耐低温性,以及各地区小麦和玉米品种的耐旱性。     

开花期气象因子对油菜结实的影响

基于2011—2018年油菜开花日挂牌标记试验,考种不同开花时段油菜结荚率、单荚子粒数,分析不同时期低温对油菜结实的影响,建立气象因子与油菜子粒损失率的影响定量关系。结果表明,2月25日前的低温对油菜结实的影响以中度和重度为主,3月中下旬的低温对油菜结实的影响以轻度为主,2月26日—3月10日的低温对油菜结实的影响以轻度和中度为主。油菜子粒损失率与开花时日最低气温平均值、日平均降雨量相关不显著,与开花时平均气温、日最高气温平均值、日照时数平均值、日平均相对湿度相关显著。随开花平均气温下降,日最高气温平均值下降,空气相对湿度升高。开花时空气相对湿度为70%,且日平均气温≤6.9℃,或空气相对湿度为80%,日平均气温≤8.0℃,油菜中度受害;开花时空气相对湿度为80%,且日平均气温≤4.3℃,或空气相对湿度为85%,日平均气温≤4.8℃,油菜重度受害。其次分析确定了不同天气类型下油菜开花结实的冷积温指标,当日照低温天气的冷积温指标为≥16.5℃,或无日照低温阴雨天气的冷积温指标为≥5.0℃,为中度受害。当日照低温天气的冷积温指标为≥37.5℃,或无日照低温阴雨天气的冷积温指标为≥26.0℃,为重度受害。试验结果可为油菜灾害预警评估和减灾防灾农业气象服务提供技术支撑。     

分子标记辅助选择改良水稻不育系‘荃211S’白叶枯病的抗性

本研究旨在提高优质两系光温敏型核不育系‘荃211S’的白叶枯病抗性。以‘荃211S’为受体亲本,以含有抗白叶枯病Xa23基因的CBB23为供体亲本,通过分子标记辅助选择技术与常规育种技术相结合,筛选抗白叶病的不育株系。筛选出4个改良不育株系QK211S-1~QK211S-4。改良‘荃211S’株系的农艺性状、育性转换温度、异交结实率与‘荃211S’相近,但在白叶枯病抗性上明显增强,表现出高抗或抗,抗性级别0~2。改良‘荃211S’株系所配组合与‘荃211S’所配组合在株高、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重的差异不显著,但白叶枯病抗性显著增强,抗性级别为1,高抗。改良的4个‘荃211S’株系为选育抗病水稻品种奠定了基础,可以直接在生产中应用。     

不同蜂种授粉对‘金茶1号’茶叶籽传粉效率与果实品质的影响

蜜蜂授粉对农业生产具有非常重要的价值,为了研究不同蜂种授粉对茶叶品质的影响,本研究以茶树‘金茶1号’为研究对象,分别使用意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera Ligustica)、中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)与地熊蜂(Bombus terrestris)开展蜂媒授粉技术及增产提质影响研究。结果表明中蜂授粉组访花频率最高,意蜂授粉组柱头花粉数最高,地熊蜂授粉组单花访问时间最长。中蜂授粉能显著提升茶树的茶叶籽座果率与茶叶籽油茶多酚含量,但对茶叶籽的含油量影响不显著。意蜂授粉与地熊蜂授粉对座果率影响不显,但能显著提升茶叶籽的茶多酚含量与含油量,3个授粉组对茶叶籽油的主要成分并无显著影响。在实际中可以根据生产需要选择对应的蜂种进行授粉。     

1960—2020年松嫩平原干湿时空演变及其与涛动指数的关系

松嫩平原是中国重要的商品粮基地和湿地分布区,干湿演变关乎区域粮食安全和生态安全。基于松嫩平原及其周边36个气象站逐日的气温、降水、风速等气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith公式计算了各站点月地表湿润指数,标准化后进一步计算了极端干湿事件频次;然后运用趋势分析法、克里金插值法探究了极端干湿事件频次的时空演变特征,并采用交叉小波分析了干湿事件演变与涛动指数的关系。结果表明：（1）1960—2020年松嫩平原年极端干旱事件频发,过去60年均值为7.86次,而年极端湿润事件较为少发;年极端干旱事件频次呈明显的下降趋势,年极端湿润事件频次呈上升趋势,其气候倾向率分别为-0.10次/10 a和0.02次/10 a。（2）空间上,松嫩平原大部分地区极端干旱事件频发且呈不明显的减弱趋势,极端湿润事件少发且变化趋势呈明显的东增西减的变化趋势特征。（3）松嫩平原干湿演变与涛动指数密切相关,年极端干旱事件频次与北极涛动指数、大西洋北美涛动指数和北大西洋涛动指数呈正相关,年极端湿润事件频次与三者主要呈负相关;极端干湿事件与南方涛动指数在年际尺度上和年代尺度上位相关系有明显的差异。（4）极端干湿事件频次演变与区域社会经济部门用水量密切相关,影响区域的水安全。本研究可以为气候变化松嫩平原农业-湿地系统水资源规划和管理提供支撑。     

冀北油葵主要栽培因素对产量的影响

为了研究主要栽培因素对油葵产量的影响,确定冀北地区油葵最优栽培方案.本研究采用5因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计,建立播期、密度、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥与油葵产量的效应函数.结果 表明,播期、密度、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥随着投入量的增加油葵产量呈先升高后下降趋势,其中播期、播期氮肥互作起着重要的作用.目标产量大于2916.67 kg/...     

德国沼气工程相关政策法律与产业现状

近10年来,德国沼气产业在其国家战略决策及整个能源体系的构建中都处于重要位置,并一直引领世界新能源产业发展。笔者以德国新能源发展为例,深入研究了德国沼气工程产业发展现状与成功经验,从法律政策、工程分布、装机容量、行业监管、沼渣沼液利用等方面对其进行了全面介绍。通过对德国沼气工程运行体系进行科学研究与分析,为中国沼气技术的进一步发展和推广应用提供一些有意义的指导和借鉴。同时结合中国的基本国情,提出了适合中国新能源发展的建议。