Crown transparency, tree mortality and stem growth of Pinus sylvestris, and colonization of Tomicus piniperda after an outbreak of Gremmeniella abietina

In the year 2000, large areas of forest in Sweden, mainly 30-50 year old Pinus sylvestris (L.) stands, were attacked by the fungus Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Morelet. The aims of this study were to investigate: (i) the relationship between G. abietina-induced tree crown transparency (CT) and P. sylvestris (L.) tree mortality; (ii) the influence of CT levels on stem growth; (iii) the recovery of the crown; and (iv) the association of CT and colonization by Tomicus piniperda (L.). Thirty-five permanent sample plots were established in five P. sylvestris stands (38-46 years old), infested by G. abietina, and 23 plots in four reference stands, not obviously infested.During the 5 years following the attack, the total mortality amounted to 454 trees ha⁻¹ and 7.8 m² ha⁻¹, on average, in the five infested stands, corresponding to 42% of the trees and 34% of the basal area at the time of the attack. Most of the mortality occurred within 2 years of the attack. The mortality of individual trees (2002-2005) was found to be related to the crown transparency (CT), the position of needle loss within the crown and the tree diameter at breast height. Based on our modeling, the probability of mortality was substantially increased if the initial CT-value was higher than 85%.Growth reductions were detected for individual trees with an initial CT of >c. 40%. In contrast, trees with a low initial CT (<c. 40%) were not affected and even exhibited increased growth. In the five infested stands, the reductions in basal area and volume increment were estimated to be 26-58%, and, 42-73%, respectively, during the five growing seasons after the attacks.The trees in the infested stands that were still alive in spring 2005 had started to recover in terms of CT. Breeding of T. piniperda on the P. sylvestris (L.) stems occurred almost exclusively on stems with a CT > 90%.The data from this study suggest that when a P. sylvestris (L.) stand has been attacked by G. abietina, trees with a CT above 80% should be felled; the remaining trees will have a high probability of survival and resistance to successful breeding by the T. piniperda.     

不同氮肥形态组合肥料与施肥方法对球茎甘蓝生长的影响

本文研究了不同氮肥形态与施肥方法对球茎甘蓝生长的影响,结果表明:与传统硝态氮比较,铵态氮营养中硫酸铵和尿素或硫酸铵和磷酸二铵的混合处理可以提高球茎甘蓝块茎的产量、提高球茎甘蓝块基重量与叶子重量的比例,其中以石膏和高岭土混合物为添充物、以硫酸铵和磷二铵混合物处理的球茎甘蓝块茎的产量最高,同时这些处理对植物体内铁、锰与铜等营养元素的浓度也有一定的提高。