电子鼻数据的预处理技术与应用

针对电子鼻的数据特点,提出用一个3维数组保存电子鼻的数据;采用6点平滑方法去除传感器的噪声;在基线校正中,首先通过二阶导数大于零和连续一阶导数大于零的方法找到样本反应起始点,然后减去环境响应值并提取相同长度的数据段,以提高电子鼻的精度和可重复性。对预处理前后的电子鼻数据中提出的特征进行主成分分析发现,预处理后的主成分结果所含的有用信息更多,而且可以很好地区分红富士和姬娜两种不同香味的苹果。     

基于GGE双标图对苜蓿品种丰产性和稳定性综合评价

为了解不同苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)品种在宁夏南部山区的丰产性、稳产性,以及试点的代表性和区分力,本研究利用方差分析、GGE双标图模型对区域3个不同试点的6个苜蓿品种的产量进行分析.结果表明:苜蓿产量最高的试验区是原州区彭堡镇彭堡三队,最低的是隆德县关庄乡前庄村,前者比后者高43.7％;产量最高的品种...     

不同成胚能力的百子莲愈伤组织中氧化还原水平的差异分析

生长素类物质毒莠定(picloram,PIC)对宿根花卉东方百子莲(Agapanthus praecox ssp.orientalis)愈伤组织诱导及胚状体的形成至关重要,不同浓度PIC处理对百子莲愈伤组织(Callus)的成胚能力具有不同效应。本研究以在含1.0、1.5和2.0 mg/L PIC的MS培养基上继代的胚性愈伤组织(embryogenic callus,EC)为材料,以愈伤组织为对照,通过检测活性氧(reastive oxygen species,ROS)关键组分含量和3种抗氧化酶活性,明确不同浓度PIC处理下细胞内氧化还原动态变化对成胚能力的影响。结果显示：1.5 mg/L PIC处理的EC细胞状态较佳且成胚能力最强,1.0和2.0 mg/L PIC处理的EC具有成胚能力,但成胚率较低。EC中O₂·^-含量较高,均高于愈伤组织;1.5 mg/L PIC处理的EC中H₂O₂含量最高(为148.53μmol/g)是愈伤组织的38.50倍;愈伤组织中OH·含量极显著高于EC,为1.5 mg/...     

农民接触农药防护措施及对机体影响的研究

了解农民接触农药时采用的防护措施及对机体的影响,对合格对象进行流行病学问卷调查及精液检测,发现农民在配、喷农药及检修喷药器械时未能安全合理使用防护措施;受教育程度与接触农药防护态度有关;长期小剂量接触农药对不稳定细胞有损害。建议为减少或避免农药中毒,政府应加强对农民进行农药基本知识、安全合理使用的宣传教育、推广和普及;增强农民遵守安全操作规程的自我保护意识。     

10.5%高氯·啶虫脒乳油防治苹果黄蚜田间药效试验

10.5%高氯·啶虫脒乳油对苹果黄蚜具有优良的防治效果。使用10.5%高氯·啶虫脒乳油6000～8000倍液,在蚜虫发生期喷雾防治,施药后7d,防治效果可达90%以上。     

干旱区绿洲土壤Cd-Zn复合污染下重金属形态及其生物有效性的研究

通过模拟基于Cd-Zn复合污染下干旱区绿洲土壤的胡萝卜盆栽试验,用Tessier连续提取法对胡萝卜土壤中Cd、Zn的形态分布进行分析,同时就生物利用性形态的变化研究了Cd、Zn的生物有效性。结果表明:1)原状土壤中Cd和Zn主要以残渣态存在,随着复合胁迫浓度的增加,Cd的主要赋存形态逐步转变为碳酸盐结合态和可交换态,Zn主要赋存形态逐步转变为以铁锰氧化态和残渣态,但有效态和潜在有效态的比例大大增加。2)胡萝卜对Cd、Zn的富集作用均为地上部分大于地下部分,对Cd的富集能力远远大于Zn。3)胡萝卜吸收的Cd和Zn不仅包括可交换态和碳酸盐结合态,还包括了在一定条件下释放出来的铁锰氧化态和有机结合态。     

Characteristics for Practical Use of Attenuated Isolate UA-Fukushima of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tomato mosaic virus</Emphasis>

L₁₁A-Fukushima (L₁₁A-F) derived from attenuated isolate LuA of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) has the highest ability to cross protect against virulent ToMV among LuA and its derivatives and is stably inherited. Growth, yield, fruit quality and symptom attenuation of inoculated tomato plants did not differ significantly between L₁₁A-F and L₁₁A. The infectivity of progeny viruses in tomato infected with LuA-F was less than 4% of that with virulent ToMV. From these results, L₁₁A-F appears to possess the properties necessary for practical use. To manage L₁₁A-F strictly, a PCR-based assay to detect trace contamination of virulent ToMV in L₁₁A-F preparations was established. Received 10 June 2002/ Accepted in revised form 30 October 2002     

利用绿色荧光蛋白GFP研究稻瘟病菌与水稻的互作

稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae严重威胁水稻的产量与质量,明确稻瘟病菌与水稻互作过程及机理,对防治稻瘟病具有重要意义。本研究利用稻瘟病菌常用致病菌株GUY11和ZB25,构建了绿色荧光蛋白GFP的过量表达菌株,并通过荧光显微观察菌株侵染寄主水稻过程中侵染结构的形成与发育,包括孢子萌发、附着胞形成、侵染钉形成、侵染菌丝增殖、坏死斑形成及产孢。另外,通过比较过量表达菌株对稻瘟病高抗水稻和易感水稻的侵染过程,发现侵染过程的差异主要集中于侵染钉的穿透和侵染菌丝的定殖。本研究为分析稻瘟病菌对寄主水稻的定殖规律提供了一种有效工具。     

杨树烂皮病生防链霉菌的筛选及鉴定

为明确能有效抑制杨树烂皮病菌的拮抗放线菌F58的生防效果及分类地位,采用平板对峙法、杯碟法和人工接种法分别测定了其活菌及发酵液的抑菌活性;并通过形态学、生理生化特征、16S rRNA及全细胞脂肪酸分析等方法研究了其分类地位。结果表明,拮抗放线菌F58对杨树烂皮病菌、杨树溃疡病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌等13种供试植物病原菌均有抑制作用,抑菌谱广,其中对杨树烂皮病菌和杨树溃疡病菌抑制作用最强,抑菌带达30.2 mm以上,菌株F58发酵液对这2种病菌也有很强的抑制作用,抑菌圈直径分别为56.4 mm和42.7 mm;发酵液的无菌滤液对杨树烂皮病的保护效果和治疗效果分别达88.7%和73.4%。根据菌株形态、生理生化特性、16S rRNA序列比对及全细胞脂肪酸分析,鉴定拮抗放线菌F58为盐屋链霉菌Streptomyces sioyaensis。     

Establishment of a comprehensive indicator system for the assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services

Context

Common indicators are needed to monitor biodiversity loss and the implications for the sustainable provision of ecosystem services (ES). A plethora of different sets of indicators may hinder the identification of major endpoints for large-scale assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES).

Objectives

We aim to describe the main challenges of indicators for BES assessment and provide suggestions for establishing a comprehensive indicator system.

Methods

An extensive literature review was conducted in this study. We review the main challenges of indicators for BES assessment and propose corresponding improvements from our perspectives of theory and practical applications.

Results

The main theoretical challenges of existing indicators include inconsistent definitions and classifications of ES, misunderstanding of linkages among biodiversity, ecosystem structure, functions and services, and practical problems relate to such issues as indicator representativeness, data availability, and uncertainty. Our suggested improvements include clarifying the main terms, concepts and classification of indicators, establishing a robust conceptual framework with clear interactions among different components and indicators, selecting indicators based on ecosystem properties, streaming existing data into one platform, and strengthening validation of proxies. The steps for constructing a comprehensive indicator system for BES assessment are summarized.

Conclusions

Clear definitions of key terms are indispensable to classify indicators and construct a conceptual framework. Improved understanding of the relations among indicators of biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and ES across multiple scales can guide the development of the indicator system. The integrated indicator system is an important tool for BES assessment to support decision making for sustainable development.