中国部分家鸭和野鸭遗传多样性及亲缘关系的微卫星分析

利用前期双重抑制PCR技术分离得到的10个鸭微卫星标记,分析了13个鸭品种的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算各群体的平均遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)和群体间的Nei氏遗传距离(DA)等遗传参数,并用类平均法进行了聚类分析。结果表明:10个微卫星座位中有7个具有多态,可作为有效的遗传标记用于各品种的遗传多样性和系统发生关系分析。7个微卫星座位在13个品种中共检测到51个等位基因;每个座位的等位基因数为5～12个,平均多态信息含量为0.402 3～0.601 5;各群体平均杂合度为0.407 0～0.707 0,说明各群体的遗传多样性较为丰富。采用DA/UPGMA法聚类分析,13个鸭群体聚为3类:Ⅰ类为8个家鸭品种和樱桃谷鸭;Ⅱ类为野鸭类;Ⅲ类为番鸭独成一类。结果提示:各类鸭群体间的聚类关系与其来源、分化、地理分布基本一致,而且绿头野鸭和斑嘴鸭在家鸭品种形成过程中均作出了贡献。     

抗、感玉米粗缩病材料对灰飞虱的趋性及生存力影响的研究

通过网棚内人工接种1叶1心至11叶1心期的3份抗玉米粗缩病自交系材料(DB544、沈137、90110)和3份感粗缩病玉米自交系材料(掖107、掖478、5003),调查其发病率,明确了抗病材料7叶前的抗病性与7叶后一致,感病材料7叶后的抗病性比7叶前要强;由此认为,玉米苗期为研究抗、感玉米粗缩病材料对灰飞虱的趋性及生存力影响的适宜时期。进而研究了相同环境条件下,网箱或网罩内灰飞虱在抗、感玉米材料上的落虫数和灰飞虱在上述6份材料上饲养死亡50%的时间。结果显示:灰飞虱对抗、感玉米粗缩病材料的趋性以及灰飞虱在抗病材料和感病材料上的生存力差异均不显著,认为玉米对粗缩病的抗性不是通过抗传毒介体灰飞虱而实现的。     

不同繁殖状态下绵羊繁殖相关组织中CHGA基因的表达分析

为探究绵羊繁殖相关组织中CHGA基因在不同繁殖状态下的表达差异,选取不同光照条件下的成年苏尼特母羊（季节性发情品种）及不同繁殖时期的小尾寒羊母羊（常年发情品种）的下丘脑等10种组织,利用qPCR技术分析不同繁殖状态下各组织中CHGA基因的相对表达量。结果表明,CHGA基因在2个绵羊品种的不同组织中广泛表达且脑部组织中该基因的表达量高于其他组织;不同光照条件下苏尼特羊各组织中CHGA表达差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;黄体期小尾寒羊垂体中CHGA表达量显著高于卵泡期（P＜0.05）,子宫体中该基因的表达量极显著高于卵泡期（P＜0.01）。以上结果暗示CHGA基因可能参与小尾寒羊不同繁殖时期垂体和子宫生理变化的调控。     

民猪与长白猪主要组织器官生长规律研究

选择民猪和长白猪为研究对象,利用异速生长式分析两个品种1～8月龄组织器官的早熟顺序。结果表明,民猪脂肪沉积较早,在2.5～6月龄间沉积大量的脂肪,生长发育全期腹内脂肪的沉积能力突出,而长白猪在6月龄后沉积脂肪速度加快;两个品种各脂肪组织占胴体比率在6～8月龄维持不变。民猪肉、脂、骨、皮早熟性顺序为:骨骼>肌肉>皮肤>脂肪,而长白猪为:骨骼>皮肤>肌肉>脂肪;两品种猪脂肪组织早熟性顺序均为:肠系膜脂肪>皮下脂肪>肾周脂肪>大网膜脂肪。民猪内脏器官早熟性顺序为:小肠>肾>胰>肝>脾>肺>心>胃>大肠;长白猪内脏器官早熟性顺序为:小肠>肾>肝>胰>心>脾>胃>肺>大肠。     

中国玉米生育期变化及其影响因子研究

【目的】在全球气候变化背景下,分析中国玉米播种期和成熟期的变动情况以及气候资源变化特征。【方法】在收集整理全国2 414个县的玉米生育期数据的基础上,绘制了1970s和2000s中国玉米的播种期与收获期分布图;在整理全国618个气象站点1971-2010年气象资料的基础上,绘制了1970s时段和2000s时段中国年均温度、降雨和太阳辐射量空间分布图。以农业种植一级区为基本单位,建立不同区域农业气候资源变化与玉米生育期变化的回归方程,并将PRECIS模型中B2情景数据代入方程组预测2030s中国玉米的生育期。【结果】与1970s时段相比,2000s时段东北大豆春麦甜菜区的玉米播种期基本保持不变;其它各农业种植一级区的玉米播种期均提前约1-15 d;除东北大豆春麦甜菜区和北部高原小杂粮甜菜区春玉米的成熟期平均推迟了11 d和3 d,2000s时段其它玉米种植区域的成熟期平均提前3-12 d。2000s时段云贵高原稻玉米烟草区的玉米生育期缩短约5 d,黄淮海棉麦油烟果区、华南双季稻热带作物甘蔗区和西北绿洲麦棉甜菜葡萄区的玉米生育期基本保持不变;其它各区域玉米生育期均有所延长。与2000s时段相比,B2情景下,2030s东北大豆春麦甜菜区的春玉米播种期将推迟2-5 d,其它各农业种植一级区的玉米播种期将提前2-19 d;东北大豆春麦甜菜区、北部高原小杂粮甜菜区和华南双季稻热带作物甘蔗区的玉米成熟期将推迟4-15 d,黄淮海棉麦油烟果区、长江中下游稻棉油桑茶区、川陕盆地稻玉米薯类柑橘桑区和云贵高原稻玉米烟草区的玉米成熟期将提前2-12 d,南方丘陵双季稻茶柑橘区和西北绿洲麦棉甜菜葡萄区的玉米成熟期则基本保持不变。2030s时段黄淮海棉麦油烟果区和云贵高原稻玉米烟草区的玉米生育期则将缩短3-6 d,其它区域的玉米生育期将延长2-15 d。【结论】中国气候正朝着增温、变干和低辐射的方向发展。受温度、降雨和太阳辐射量变化的影响,中国不同农业种植区域内玉米生育期变动明显,其中除东北大豆春麦甜菜区外玉米播种期以提前为主,玉米成熟期的变动则较为复杂,玉米的生育期则以延长为主。     

铁皮石斛原球茎富铬培养条件优化（英文）

[目的]为优化铁皮石斛原球茎富铬培养工艺。[方法]通过Plackett-Burman试验对时间、温度、培养基铬浓度、NAA浓度、KT浓度和光照强度等因素进行考察,结果显示时间、培养基铬浓度和光照强度3个因素具有显著效应;接着,通过显著因素的最陡爬坡试验,逼近各因素最佳值区域;最后,进行响应面优化分析。[结果]最佳富铬条件为铬浓度0.37 mg/L、培养时间59 d、光照强度1 822.22 lx。原球茎铬浓度的预测值为5.08 mg/kg。[结论]响应面法能对铁皮石斛原球茎富铬培养条件进行优化分析,获得最佳工艺参数,为进一步的研究奠定基础。     

A larval development test for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of sheep

First stage larvae of a number of species of parasitic nematodes of sheep have been shown to develop to third stage larvae in the presence of a defined medium consisting of Earle's balanced salt solution and yeast extract. A larval development test, based on this culture technique, was used as a screen for detecting the presence of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of sheep. It was found to be sensitive and simple to use and also appeared capable of detecting resistance to any of the main anthelmintic groups. Available anthelmintic sensitive and resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia circumcincta showed differences in development when incubated in the presence of either thiabendazole, levamisole and ivermectin. These differences were expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration required to prevent larval development over the incubation period.     

Pre-pubertal measurements of the somatotrophic axis as predictors of milk production in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows

This study investigated possible relationships between measurements of the somatotrophic axis in pre-pubertal dairy calves and subsequent milk yields. Endogenous growth hormone (GH) release was measured through a fed and fasted period in fifty 6-month-old Holstein-Friesian heifers and they were then challenged with growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) to assess their GH release pattern. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin and glucose concentrations were measured in relation to time of feeding. Cows were subsequently monitored through their first three lactations to record peak and 305-day milk yields. In the first lactation, milk energy output for the first 120 days of lactation was also calculated. The mean 305-day milk yield increased from 7417 +/- 191 kg in the first lactation (n=37) to 8749 +/- 252 kg in the third (n=25). There were no significant relationships between any measures of GH secretion and peak or 305-day yield in any lactation. A highly significant positive relationship was established between the GH peak measured 10 min post-GRF challenge and 120-day milk energy values in the first lactation. This relationship was, however, only present in the sub-population of 12 cows culled after one or two lactations and was absent in the 25 animals remaining for the third lactation. There were no significant relationships between pre-pubertal IGF-I and fed or fasted insulin or glucose concentrations and any subsequent measurement of yield. The usefulness of GH secretagogue challenges in calves as a predictive test for future milk production is thus limited but may have some bearing on nutrient partitioning and longevity.