Sulfentrazone adsorbed on micelle-montmorillonite complexes for slow release in soil

Interactions of the herbicide sulfentrazone with the cationic surfactants octadecyltrimethylammonium (ODTMA), hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA), and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium (BDMHDA) have been studied for the design of slow-release formulations based on sulfentrazone adsorbed on a micelle-montmorillonite complex. Adsorbed amounts of sulfentrazone on ODTMA- and BDMHDA-montmorillonite complexes were 99.2-99.8% of that added, and desorption of herbicide in water during 24 h was low. After 10 washings in funnels with soil, only 2.6% of herbicide was released from ODTMA-montmorillonite formulations versus 100% release from the commercial formulation. The strong binding of sulfentrazone to micelles was confirmed by pH and spectroscopic measurements and was explained by the formation of ionic pairs between cationic surfactant and anionic herbicide. The ODTMA-clay and commercial formulations of sulfentrazone yield almost complete and 40% growth inhibition of green foxtail, respectively, at 700 g of active ingredient/ha. Hence, the slow release from micelle-clay formulations of sulfentrazone promotes its biological activity and reduces environmental contamination.     

Studies on amoebae and cysts associated with the isolation of Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea in vitro

New evidence is presented to support the contention that the amoeba/cyst colonies isolated from surface-sterilized Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea -infected potato tubers and spore balls have a saprophytic phase but are contaminants and not S. subterranea. Amoebae isolated from infected tissues and spore balls formed colonies associated with bacteria on 1% water agar at 18°C and encysted after 5–7 days. These cysts were morphologically distinct from the resting spores of S. subterranea and were formed singly or in a layer, unlike the spore ball (cystosorus) of S. subterranea . Amoebae, cysts and mixtures of amoebae and cysts in primary, secondary and tertiary subcultures failed to infect tomato roots. PCR amplification of DNA from amoebae, cysts and spore balls using the S. subterranea -specific primer pair SsF/R generated a 434-bp product from S. subterranea spore balls only and not from amoebae or cysts. When an amoeba/cyst-specific primer pair AmF/R was designed and used for PCR amplification, a single 411-bp product was generated from DNA of amoebae and cysts, but not from DNA of S. subterranea spore balls. These results are discussed in relation to earlier reports claiming the successful isolation of S. subterranea and other plasmodiophorids in vitro .     

Understanding the life histories of amphidromous fish by integrating otolith‐derived growth reconstructions,post‐larval migrations and reproductive traits

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Blood chemistry as an aid to diagnosis of combined copper and magnesium deficiency in single-suckler calves

Calcium, magnesium, copper, inorganic phosphorus, sodium, potassium, total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, glucose, packed cell volume and haemoglobin in the bloods of apparently health single-suckler calves were frequently measured. Values were within normal ranges except magnesium and copper which became subnormal as lactation advanced and closely approached values of single-suckler calves clinically affected with combined hypomagnesaemic tetany and hypocuprosis which responded to magnesium and copper therapy.

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Kurzfassung Die Autoren bestimmten häufig den Gehalt von Kalzium, Magnesium, Kupfer, anorganischem Phosphor, Natrium, Kalium, gesamtem Protein, Eiweiss, Globulin, Harnstoff, Glukose, Hämatokrit und Hämoglobin im Blut anscheinend gesunder Saugkälbern. Die bestimmten Werte lagen im je mehr die Laktation weiterschritt, und näherten sich den Werten von Saugkälbern, die von dem gleichzeitig auftretenden Magnesium und Kupfermangel im Blut verursachtem Starrkrampf befallen waren, und die auf eine Magnesium und Kupfer-Thermapie reagieriten.

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Resume Le calcium, le magnésium, le cuivre, le phosphore inorganique, le sodium, le potassium, les proteines totales, les albumines, les globulines, l'urée, le glucose, le hématocrite et l'hémoglobine dans le sang de veaux allaités et apparemment en bonne santé ont été mesurés. Les valeurs no dépassaient pas les limites normales sauf dans le cas du magnésium et du cuivre, qui devenaient subnormales au fur et à mesure que la période de lactation avancait, pour se rapprocher aux valeurs des veaux allaités atteints cliniquement d'une combination de la tétanie hypomagnésémique et al l'hypocuperose que réagissent à une thérapie de magnésium et de cuivre.

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Riassunto Gli autori hanno spesso definito il contenuto in calcio, magnesio, rame, fosforo inorganico, sodio potassio, proteina totale albumina, globulina, urea, glucosio, ematocrita, ed ematoglobulina del sangue di vitelli poppanti apparentemente sani. I valori erano normali eccetto quelli del magnesio e del rame che diventarono subnormali man mano che progrediva la lattaxione ed avvicinarono i valori dei vitelli lattanti clinicamente affetti dalla tetania ipomagnesemica combinata alla ipocuperosi e che rispondevano ad una terapia con magnesio e rame.

     

Reorganizing small animal gross anatomy: improving the faculty and student experience and incorporating non-technical competency development

The organization of the small animal gross anatomy course at Washington State University's College of Veterinary Medicine was modified in several ways over a two-year period. These modifications were motivated in part by the need to accommodate a larger number of students, but also by our desire to make more efficient use of faculty and student time as well as physical resources and to give our students opportunities to develop non-technical competencies such as communication and teamwork skills. The four major changes were (1) increasing dissection group size, (2) assigning specimens to dissection groups on a rotating basis, (3) reducing the amount of dissection time relative to time spent studying prepared specimens, and (4) introducing 'transition reviews,' a limited form of peer teaching meant to emphasize peer interaction and communication skills rather than conveyance of specific and detailed subject matter. This article describes the details of these changes and evaluates their effectiveness based on faculty assessments, results from surveys of participating students, and comparison of examination performance and formal end-of-course student evaluations before and after reorganization of the course. Increasing the dissection group size and reducing per-student dissection time did not adversely affect student performance and were viewed at least neutrally or favorably by most students. Notably, the rotation of specimens and the transition reviews elicited strongly favorable responses from a large majority of students and had several beneficial effects of which students may not have been aware but which were apparent to participating faculty. Overall, the changes were well received by both faculty and students and were, in our view, of sufficient value that this course organization plan would be used regardless of class size.     

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS–PULMONARY‐TRACHEOBRONCHIAL PROLAPSE IN A NEW CALEDONIAN GIANT GECKO (RHACODACTYLUS LEACHIANUS)

A 3‐year‐old male New Caledonian giant gecko, or Leach's gecko (Rhacodactylus leachianus) presented with acute lethargy and coelomic distention. Findings from survey radiographs and an upper gastrointestinal tract contrast study were consistent with severe aerophagia, a collapsed left lung, and hyperinflation of the right lung due to suspected bronchial obstruction. The gecko was treated with conservative medical management, but was found dead 5 days after presentation. Necropsy findings showed intussusception of the proximal left lung into the left mainstem bronchus and trachea.     

Renal abscesses in bobby calves

Extract

Sir,—In an earlier communication (N.Z. Vet. J., 11: 125, 1963), I reported a case of Sleepy Foal disease with atypical symptoms which were toxaemia and pain that became so acute that humane destruction was necessary within thirty-six hours. The only lesions evident on post-mortem examination were multiple glomerular abscesses in the renal cortex. These were considered to be haematogenous in origin and to have developed ante-parturiently. The causal organism was Actinobacillus equuli (Bact. viscosum equi).