Recovery and reactions of amprolium from poultry manure added to soil

Amprolium, a coccidiostat added to poultry feed, occurs in excreta at concentrations of 204 μ g^?1 and investigations were made of the effect of this quantity of amprolium on the biochemistry of soil to which manure had been applied.Greenhouse experiments showed that 0.8 μg g^?1 amprolium was found in soil pots 80 days after treatment with manure at the equivalent of 56.1 t ha^?1 and was detectable 20 days following treatment at the equivalent of 11.2 t ha^?1.Laboratory experiments indicated that amprolium was differentially adsorbed to two complexing media, soil and manure. Since amprolium was a constituent of treated manure, it was expected that the amprolium manure-soil system would offer various sites for adsorption of amprolium. Mixing amprolium with soil and with soil plus untreated manure yielded approximately the same effect on amprolium adsorption based on recoveries in water solution, and as methanol extractable. However, total recovery of amprolium from treated manure added to soil was only a fraction of the above, indicating the high complexing capacity of the manure.No effect on soil respiration was observed by either pure amprolium or amprolium as a constituent of treated manure. The higher rate of manure application caused greater respiration due to the presence of more readily oxidizable organic matter, but the respiration pattern attributed to the manure component was not unlike the respiration pattern of the Guelph loam soil.     

Soil protozoan dynamics in a shortgrass prairie

Soil Protozoa (primarily small naked amoebae and flagellates) were counted under control conditions and with stresses of nitrogen, water, or nitrogen and water under field conditions (Ecosystem Stress Area, Pawnee Site, northeastern Colorado, USA) in the summer of 1974. Protozoan populations were also measured in soil cores removed from the field and incubated under a wet-dry cycle. Protozoan numbers were higher in the top 1 cm of soil and overlying litter than at a depth of 5–6 cm in all treatments. After rainfall totaling 35 mm, the control and fertilized only treatments showed population increases with the fertilized only treatment showing the greater change. Protozoa showed marked responses to the addition of water to soil cores, with the largest numbers appearing after peak CO₂ evolution. Numbers of active (trophic) forms ranged from about 20.000. g^?1 dry soil in the control treatment under dry conditions to over 100,000. g^?1 dry soil in the irrigated plus fertilized plot. There were few (<5%) cystic (dormant) forms in all treatments contrary to earlier studies in mesic climates. A rough estimate of protozoan production is presented.     

OCCURRENCE OF INOSITOL PHOSPHATES AND OTHER ORGANIC PHOSPHATE COMPONENTS IN AN ORGANIC COMPLEX

A calcareous organic soil was extracted by shaking with Na⁺-resin suspended in 0·2M acetyl acetone at pH 8·3. Fractionation of the fulvic acid on Sephadex G 25 gave (a) a high molecular-weight component which contained inositol tetraand hexa-phosphates and a sugar phosphate; (b) low molecular-weight components which included the mono-, di-, and triphosphate esters of inositol and two sugar phosphates, but no free inositol phosphates. Inositol phosphates and sugar phosphates accounted for 30·2 per cent and 16·6 per cent of the soil organic P respectively. Our evidence indicates that these phosphate esters exist in an organic complex.     

High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters.

A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure is described for determining 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PNA) compounds in oysters at the 2 ppb level. These compounds are extracted from shellfish with acetonitrile and partitioned into petroleum ether; the petroleum ether is removed and the residue is saponified. The aromatic compounds are isolated by passing the saponifeid residue through silica gel and further purified and fractionated by muStyragel gel permeation chromatography. The in-ividual PNAs are then quantitatively determined by using a reverse phase HPLC column coupled to fluorescence, spectrophotometric, and 254 nm absorbance detectors in series. Recoveries from spiked samples generally were greater than 80%.     

Colorimetric determination of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) in contact lens solutions.

A rapid colorimetric method is presented for the quantitative determination of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) in contact lens solutions. The method is simple, requires no sample pretreatment, and uses only a small volume of sample. The procedure is based on the measurement of the net absorbance of a poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)- Congo red complex at 545 nm. An accuracy of greater than +/- 4% was obtained for the concetnration ranges usually found in contact lens solutions with a minimum detection level of 10 ppm. The method is useful as a screening procedure for solutions of unknown composition and as a quality assurance procedure for routine determinations.     

Extraction, cleanup, and quantitative determination of aflatoxins B1 ANd M1 in beef liver

A method for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in eggs was applicable for aflatoxin B1 in liver, but ineffective for aflatoxin M1 in liver because of poor recovery of added aflatoxin and interferences in thin layer chromatography. The method was modified by the addition of citric acid to the extracting solvent and ammonium sulfate to the extract solution for removing protein. The elution system for silica gel column cleanup was also changed by substituting methanol for acetone, and adding a step for confirmation of aflatoxin M1 identity. The method has been used successfully for survey and research on aflatoxin residues in animal tissues.     

Electrolytic dissolution of iron meteorites

When iron meteorites are dissolved anodically in neutral solution, nonmetallic inclusions are not attached and collect at the bottom of the anode compartment. When the meteorites contain both kamacite and taenite, the kamacite dissolves preferentially, revealing a three-dimensional Widmanst?tten pattern.     

High-pressure reactions and shear strength of serpentinized dunite

The recently reported Pronounced decrease in shear strength of serpentine-bearing rocks at 30 to 40 kilobars in the temperature range 300 degrees to 520 degrees C may be attributed to the transformation of serpentine to a Pressure-dependent, 10-angstrom,2: 1 layer silicate plus brucite and periclase. This reaction increases density by about 8.5 percent.