大兴安岭西伯利亚红松及其形态学的研究

经一系列考察研究证实,我国50年代后期于大兴安岭发现的所谓“漠河红松”,应属西伯利亚红松Pinus sibirica,而并非红松P.koraiensis。天然红松实际上不入大兴安岭。西伯利亚红松主要覆被西、中西伯利亚地区。在我国大兴安岭,仅偶见于西北隅,属首次发现。种的鉴定,除根据一般常用形态性状鉴别外,还以解剖镜、光学显微镜与扫描电镜相结合,对针叶表皮上的下陷气孔外口及其在角质层上的印痕,进行了一系列的比较研究。结果发现,西伯利亚红松的气孔外口,乃至表皮细胞,也与红松明显不同,应视为一可靠鉴别特征。     

基于绿色价值链的绿色价格研究

低碳时代的到来,使得众多企业越来越关注绿色营销,而价格作为营销最重要的要素之一也自然被营销者和消费者同时关注,能否制定合理的绿色价格,对企业赢得消费者的信赖、获得良好的经济效益和社会效益都是非常重要的。笔者基于迈克尔?波特的价值链模型,阐述了绿色价值链的概念,并将绿色价值链管理引入绿色价格机制。有效的绿色价值链管理能够缩减生产成本、降低产品价格,笔者着重从绿色价值链体系中的顾客价值链、绿色回收及与绿色价值链密切相关的人力资源管理三个方面对如何降低绿色产品价格进行分析,以此获取绿色成本的竞争优势。绿色价格战略是绿色营销战略最主要的组成部分。企业通过优化内、外部顾客价值链、重视绿色回收环节以及加强对绿色人才的引进等措施来获取绿色价格的竞争优势,树立企业绿色形象。     

农产品物流增值环节的挖掘

随着信息化的发展,现代农产品物流是将存储、运输、包装、流通加工、配送等各个环节与信息技术和网络连接起来,形成一条真正意义上的增值链。本文在分析我国现有农产品物流在增值方面存在问题的基础上,构建了信息平台下的农产品物流模式,深入挖掘了农产品物流的增值环节,提出了农产品物流增值的措施与看法。     

Rice tungro spherical virus resistance into photoperiod-insensitive japonica rice by marker-assisted selection

Rice tungro disease (RTD) is one of the destructive and prevalent diseases in the tropical region. RTD is caused by Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) and Rice tungro bacilliform virus. Cultivation of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp japonica) in tropical Asia has often been restricted because most japonica cultivars are sensitive to short photoperiod, which is characteristic of tropical conditions. Japonica1, a rice variety bred for tropical conditions, is photoperiod-insensitive, has a high yield potential, but is susceptible to RTD and has poor grain quality. To transfer RTD resistance into Japonica1, we made two backcrosses (BC) and 8 three-way crosses (3-WC) among Japonica1 and RTSV-resistant cultivars. Among 8,876 BC₁F₂ and 3-WCF₂ plants, 342 were selected for photoperiod-insensitivity and good grain quality. Photoperiod-insensitive progenies were evaluated for RTSV resistance by a bioassay and marker-assisted selection (MAS), and 22 BC₁F₇ and 3-WCF₇ lines were selected based on the results of an observational yield trial. The results demonstrated that conventional selection for photoperiod-insensitivity and MAS for RTSV resistance can greatly facilitate the development of japonica rice that is suitable for cultivation in tropical Asia.     

基于叶绿素荧光参数的滴灌棉花氮素营养估测模型

【目的】建立基于叶绿素荧光参数的棉花叶片氮素营养监测模型,为棉花高效施氮及植株生长状况的无损监测提供方法。【方法】在水肥一体化滴灌条件下,以新陆早58号为试验材料,设置4个施氮水平,测定了棉花生长关键时期顶2(从顶部数起)至顶5叶的叶绿素荧光参数和氮素含量,分析了棉花叶片氮素含量与荧光参数的关系。【结果】(1)棉花出苗70 d后,叶片氮素含量以及光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在光化学活性(Fv/F0)、PSⅡ潜在最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv’/Fm’)均随着棉花生长呈逐渐下降趋势。(2)不同氮素处理下,各叶片氮素含量以及叶绿素荧光参数Fv/F0、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和Fv’/Fm’均随施氮量的增加而上升,其中N2(240 kg·hm-2)处理下各荧光参数值最大。(3)叶片氮含量与Fv、Fv/F0、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ都呈现极显著正相关关系,与荧光参数ΦPSⅡ、Fv’/Fm’间呈现较好的指数函数关系,与荧光参数Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0呈现良好的线性函数关系。顶5叶可变荧光(Fv)与叶片氮素含量建立的关系模型(y=0.0022x+1.6243)的模拟效果最好,决定系数达到0.928,相关系数达到0.963,呈极显著正相关。【结论】适量施氮(240 kg·hm-2)能够提高PSⅡ的活性及PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例,进而改善棉花叶片光合能力。顶5叶氮素含量与叶绿素荧光参数Fv构建的模型精确度和拟合效果较其他荧光参数好,因此可以选用荧光参数Fv来监测棉花叶片氮素含量,进而监测植株的氮素营养状况。     

Single nucleotide polymorphism discovery and linkage mapping of lipoxygenase-2 gene (Lx 2) in soybean

Lipoxygenase-2 (Lx ₂) in soybean seed is mainly responsible for generation of grassy-beany and bitter flavors. Genetic elimination of this flavor can be accelerated by the development of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers linked to Lx ₂. A frame map based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was constructed first using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of Pureunkong × Jinpumkong 2. Sixty-five SSR markers were incorporated into 13 linkage groups (LGs) spanning a total of 737 cM. Among five primer pairs designed from the Lx ₂ gene sequence, one produced an amplicon with sequence variations between Pureunkong and Jinpumkong 2. Three SNPs, T/C, G/A and C/A, were identified at 251,367 and 420 bp, respectively, in the intron region of the 804 bp amplified product. Using single base chain extension based on the capture probe sequence in the 5' region of the T/C SNP, the 90 RILs were genotyped for each allele of Lx ₂. The allelic segregation for the SNP linked toLx ₂ was in accordance with the expected ratio of 1:1 in the RIL population. Based on the results of linkage analysis between Lx ₂ and the SSR markers, Lx ₂ was found to be positioned on one end of LG F in the frame map, flanked by the SSR markers Satt522 and Sat074. This study demonstrates that SNP markers closely linked to Lx ₂can be developed to facilitate marker-assisted selection and fine mapping of the region around this locus. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Control of synaptic strength by glial TNFalpha

Activity-dependent modulation of synaptic efficacy in the brain contributes to neural circuit development and experience-dependent plasticity. Although glia are affected by activity and ensheathe synapses, their influence on synaptic strength has largely been ignored. Here, we show that a protein produced by glia, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), enhances synaptic efficacy by increasing surface expression of AMPA receptors. Preventing the actions of endogenous TNFalpha has the opposite effects. Thus, the continual presence of TNFalpha is required for preservation of synaptic strength at excitatory synapses. Through its effects on AMPA receptor trafficking, TNFalpha may play roles in synaptic plasticity and modulating responses to neural injury.     

Flavonoid content in fresh, home-processed, and light-exposed onions and in dehydrated commercial onion products

Onion plants synthesize flavonoids as protection against damage by UV radiation and by intracellular hydrogen peroxide. Because flavonoids also exhibit health-promoting effects in humans, a need exists to measure their content in onions and in processed onion products. To contribute to the knowledge about the levels of onion flavonoids, HPLC and LC-MS were used to measure levels of seven quercetin and isorhamnetin glucosides in four Korean commercial onion bulb varieties and their distribution within the onion, in scales of field-grown onions exposed to home processing or to fluorescent light and in 16 commercial dehydrated onion products sold in the United States. Small onions had higher flavonoid content per kilogram than large ones. There was a graduated decrease in the distribution of the flavonoids across an onion bulb from the first (outside) to the seventh (innermost) scale. Commercial, dehydrated onion products contained low amounts or no flavonoids. Losses of onion flavonoids subjected to "cooking" (in percent) ranged as follows: frying, 33; sauteing, 21; boiling, 14-20; steaming, 14; microwaving, 4; baking, 0. Exposure to fluorescent light for 24 and 48 h induced time-dependent increases in the flavonoid content. The results extend the knowledge about the distribution of flavonoids in fresh and processed onions.     

基于SI-Albedo特征空间的土壤盐渍化遥感监测指数研究

土壤盐渍化通常出现在气候干旱、土壤蒸发强度大、地下水位高且含有较多可溶性盐类的地区。它是一定的气候、地形、水文地质等自然条件共同对水盐运动产生影响的结果[1],这是一个复杂的动力学过程。因而对土壤盐渍化的探测、动态监测和制图是一项较为困难的工作。遥感技术能大面积重复获取同一地区的信息,具有宏观、综合、动态、快速的特点,并在速度、精度和成本花费方面凸显出众多优势[2]。现阶段运用遥感手段提取土壤盐渍化信息主要有两个方面:一是对遥感图像做相应的处理,突出盐渍化信息,但此种方法需要大量的实验;二是引入土壤含盐量、地下水等辅助量,但是引入的辅助量会引起图像的破碎化,有时难以满足要求,分类精度受到一定程