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21.
K Ashley S Wilson JR Young HP Chan S Vitou S Suon PA Windsor RD Bush 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(1):63-73
Forage technology has been successfully introduced into smallholder cattle systems in Cambodia as an alternative feed source to the traditional rice straw and native pastures, improving animal nutrition and reducing labour requirements of feeding cattle. Previous research has highlighted the positive impacts of forage technology including improved growth rates of cattle and household time savings. However, further research is required to understand the drivers, challenges and opportunities of forage technology for smallholder cattle households in Cambodia to facilitate widespread adoption and identify areas for further improvement. A survey of forage-growing households (n = 40) in July–September 2016 examined forage technology adoption experiences, including reasons for forage establishment, use of inputs and labour requirements of forage plot maintenance and use of forages (feeding, fattening, sale of grass or seedlings and silage). Time savings was reported as the main driver of forage adoption with household members spending approximately 1 h per day maintaining forages and feeding it to cattle. Water availability was reported as the main challenge to this activity. A small number of households also reported lack of labour, lack of fencing, competition from natural grasses, cost of irrigation and lack of experience as challenges to forage growing. Cattle fattening and sale of cut forage grass and seedlings was not found to be a widespread activity by interviewed households, with 25 and 10% of households reporting use of forages for these activities, respectively. Currently, opportunities exist for these households to better utilise forages through expansion of forage plots and cattle activities, although assistance is required to support these households in addressing current constraints, particularly availability of water, if the sustainability of this feed technology for smallholder cattle household is to be established in Cambodia. 相似文献
22.
Michael H. Woodford 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(7):1023-1033
Proliferation of disease pathogens capable of affecting humans, domestic livestock and wildlife increasingly threatens environmental
security and biodiversity. Livestock and wild animals in proximity to human beings are often in the chain of transmission
and infection. Globalization of industrial livestock production (especially poultry upon which so much of the burgeoning human
population depends) often permits transcontinental disease spread. Rapidly expanding (and often illegal) international trade
in wild and domestic animals and their products are increasingly involved in the emergence of new diseases that may have the
ability to transmit among humans, livestock and wildlife. Rapidly increasing urbanization has led in many places to overcrowded
townships that rely on “bushmeat” for sustenance and has contributed to the emergence of virulent zoonotic pathogens. The
emergence and proliferation of pathogens are exacerbated by anthropogenic transformation of natural landscapes in order to
increase agricultural and livestock production. This paper posits that data gathered by veterinary ecologists should be interpreted
and used by other disciplines. The importance of a thorough knowledge of the “natural history” (ecology) of the disease agent
and its human, domestic and wild hosts is stressed. 相似文献
23.
Research in control of tick-borne diseases and trypanosomosis, and their vectors, namely, ticks and tsetse flies respectively,
has been on going for decades. However, very little attention has been paid to the socio-economic factors that are likely
to influence the outcome of the interventions in the control of these diseases. Thus, this study was designed to investigate
these factors, mainly the intra-household factors influencing decision-making in the control of Vector-borne diseases in the
pastoralist areas of Uganda. These factors included: indigenous technical knowledge, household economic factors, and gender.
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the collection and analysis of data. The tools used for data collection
included among others, participatory learning and action (PLA), and Case studies. The findings included the following: In
pastoralist households, a big proportion of the household budget was allocated to vector-borne diseases control. In the male-headed
households, men dominated decision-making on vector-borne diseases control, although the goals and priorities of men and women
in these households were not the same. Also, vector-borne disease control was predominantly by use of modern veterinary drugs,
and pastoralists treated sick cattle by themselves even in situations where there were veterinary personnel. 相似文献
24.
Téguia A Mafouo Ngandjou H Defang H Tchoumboue J 《Tropical animal health and production》2008,40(1):5-10
Three hundred and twenty 1-week old ducklings (160 males and 160 females) were used to evaluate the body weight, body parts
and carcass characteristics of the African Muscovy duck. Sexual dimorphism was in favour of the male for all the parameters
throughout the experimental period, however the difference was significant (P < 0.05) only after week 2. The 12-week old male
weighed 1832.0 ± 180.4 g while the female reached only 68.2% of the male weight. Metatarsus diameter, thoracic perimeter,
body length, length of bill, foot and wing in cm were respectively 1.3, 29.5, 57.5, 7.0, 27.1 and 27.8 for the male as compared
with 1.2, 25.8, 51.0, 6.3, 23.3 and 26.9 for the female. Body measurements were highly (P < 0.01) correlated with body weight
for both sexes, however the highest correlation coefficients were obtained with wing length (0.990 and 0.995) and thoracic
perimeter (0.993 and 0.973) for female and male respectively. Live body weight had a linear relationship with both wing length
(R2 = 0.991 and 0.81) and thoracic perimeter (R2 = 0.948 and 0.986) for male and female respectively. The female duck yielded higher percent ready-to-cook carcass (66.3%),
breast (13.6%), liver (2.8%), heart (1.5%) and gizzard (3.8%) as compared to the male (65.0%, 12.0%, 2.5%, 1.1% and 3.4% respectively)
although the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The male small intestine (185.1 ± 3.4 cm), colon (14.8 ± 1.0 cm) and
caecum (17.9 ± 0.4 cm) were significantly (P < 0.05) longer than that of the female (152.2 ± 1.8, 10.8 ± 0.7 and 14.85 ± 0.6 cm
respectively). 相似文献
25.
In order to describe the normal bacterial flora in vaginas of Criollo Limonero cows, 51 healthy multiparous cows, at least
90-day postpartum, were selected. Duplicated swabs (N = 102) were taken from the vaginal fornix of cows to perform aerobic and anaerobic cultures as well as conventional biochemical
tests. Out of 102 swabs, bacterial growth was obtained in 55 (53.9%) while the remaining 47 (46.1%) did not exhibited any
bacterial growth. Of the 55 bacterial growths, 23 (41.8%) were aerobic whereas 32 (58.1%) were anaerobic. Likewise, 29 (52.72%)
of bacterial growths were pure and 26 (47.27%) were mixed. Under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, Gram positive bacteria
were predominant (81.82% and 73.08%, respectively) over Gram negative bacteria (18.18% and 26.92%, respectively). Isolated
bacteria were Arcanobacterium pyogenes (22.92%), Staphylococcus aureus (15.63%), Staphylococcus coagulase negative (17.71%), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (6.25%), Bacteroides spp. (13.54%), and Peptostreptococcus spp. (7.29%). In conclusion, normal vaginal bacterial flora of Criollo Limonero cows was predominantly Gram positive and included
A. pyogenes, S. aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococcus, E. rhusiopathiae, Bacteroides spp., and Peptostreptococcus spp. In Criollo Limonero cattle, adaptive aspects such as development of humoral and physical mechanisms for defense, and bacterial
adaptation to host deserve research attention. 相似文献
26.
27.
Monde Mapekula Michael Chimonyo Cletos Mapiye Kennedy Dzama 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(7):1413-1419
Understanding the utilisation patterns of milk assists in designing appropriate dairy development schemes in rural communities.
The objective of the study was to determine milk utilisation patterns in different smallholder farming systems in the Eastern
Cape Province of South Africa. Data were collected through the administration of recording sheets to 130 randomly selected
households in Alice, Fort Beaufort and Queenstown districts. Amounts of milk produced per household ranged from 9 to 21 l
per household per day. Milk consumption/household/day was similar among the three districts. Milk consumption in the early
lactation doubled the amount consumed in late lactation (P < 0.05). Milk in the communal areas was largely utilised as fresh or sour milk. Fresh milk was mostly used in tea/coffee
or to make porridge for children. Sour milk was consumed with thick boiled maize meal. Fort Beaufort (10.2 ± 1.37 l/day) had
the highest sour milk sales whilst Queenstown had the highest fresh milk sales (9.7 ± 5.57 l/day). It was concluded that quantities
of milk consumed or sold as fresh or sour were generally low and varied across smallholder farming systems. 相似文献
28.
Jemberu Dessie Solomon Melaku Firew Tegegne Kurt J. Peters 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(5):841-848
The experiment consisting of 7 days of digestibility and 90 days of feeding trial was conducted at Wogda (Ethiopia) to determine
the effect of supplementation of graded levels of concentrate mix (CM) on feed intake, digestibility, and body weight (BW)
change in hay-based feeding of Simada sheep. Twenty-yearling Simada sheep with a mean initial BW of 17.9 ± 0.81 kg (mean ±
SD) were used in randomized complete block design arranged into five blocks of four animals. The four dietary treatments that
consisted of hay alone (T1), hay +150 g dry matter (DM; T2, low), hay +250 g DM (T3, medium), and hay +350 g DM (T4, high)
CM were randomly assigned to each sheep within a block. The CM consisted of wheat bran (WB), noug seed (Guizotia abyssinica) meal and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seed meal at the ratio of (2:1:1), respectively. Supplementation with T2 and T3 increased (P < 0.001) total DM and organic matter intake than the control treatment. Overall, supplementation improved (P < 0.001) crude protein intake, digestibility, feed conversion efficiency, BW gain, and profitability compared to the control,
whereas sheep on the high than the low and medium level of supplementation performed better in these parameters among the
supplemented treatments. From the results of this study, T4 is recommended as the best level of supplementation since it resulted
in better nutrient utilization, animal performance, and profitability. 相似文献
29.
Kagira JM Kanyari PN Githigia SM Maingi N Ng'ang'a JC Gachohi JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(3):657-664
Nematode infections are a serious constraint to pig production, especially where free range pig keeping is practiced. This
study investigated the epidemiology of nematodes in free range pigs in Busia District, Kenya. Three hundred and six pigs from
135 farms were sampled for faeces that were analysed for nematode eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces using the McMaster technique.
The nematode eggs were also identified to genus and species based on morphology. A questionnaire on risk factors was also
administered to the pig owners. The overall prevalence and mean nematode EPG were 84.2% and 2,355, respectively. The nematode
eggs were identified as those belonging to Oesophagostomum spp. (75%), Strongyloides ransomi (37%), Ascaris suum (18%), Metastrongylus spp. (11%), Trichuris suis (7%) and Physocephalus sexalatus (3%). The prevalence of nematodes was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the amount of rainfall in the division of the pigs' origin (all nematodes except S. ransomi). The prevalence of nematodes was also associated with the age of the pigs. A lower burden of nematodes was associated (p < 0.05) with a history of deworming (A. suum) and the provision of night housing (S. ransomi and Metastrongylus spp.). In conclusion, this study has provided information on nematode infections and the associated risk factors for free
range pigs in Busia District, which can be used when implementing integrated control measures. 相似文献
30.
Ararsa Duguma Shubisa Abera Wubishet Zewdie Dinaol Belina Godana Haro 《Tropical animal health and production》2017,49(3):445-450
A cross-sectional study was carried out from April 2015 to June 2016 to estimate the status of bovine tuberculosis (BTB), assessment of community’s current knowledge, and zoonotic importance on this disease in Borana zone, southern Ethiopia. In this study, comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIDT) test, structured questionnaires, and retrospective data were used, while the result indicated 3.8% prevalence at individual animal level with 5.6% (31/554) of doubtful reactors. Among related risk factors included, old animals were significantly infected by BTB than young one (χ 2?=?32.005, P?=?0.001). Parity number again showed significant difference (χ 2?=?29.163, P?=?0.001) where animals with many parity were more reactive to conducted test than few parity numbers. Animals born in the breeding center managed under semi-intensive production system were more infected (χ 2?=?10.795, P?=?0.029) than those brought from outside of the center. Questionnaire survey in this study indicated that out of 130 interviewed respondents, only 30% pastoralists knew what BTB mean; whereas the level of individual knowledge from interviewed showed about 72.3% of respondents had poor understanding of BTB and only about 11.5% of them knew its zoonotic importance. Meat eating habit of communities in the area were culturally inhabited to eat cooked meat and only 12.3% (16/130) of respondents gave response on habit of eating both raw and cooked meat. Milk drinking habit of pastoralist in the area showed about 79.2% drunk raw milk and the rest 20.8% used both raw and boiled milk. A retrospective data from Yabello Hospital indicated that current prevalence of human TB as 38.79% and showing the disease was highly increasing from year to year in the study area. This implies a great importance of human tuberculosis and its future concern in Borana zone. From this, there should be detail awareness of communities on BTB, its zoonotic importance, and the need of further investigation to develop control and prevention strategies according to the pastoral settings. 相似文献