黑龙江省第三积温带玉米种植新区不同品种对大斑病抗性的评价

随着黑龙江省种植结构的调整,黑龙江省第三、四积温带由以大豆为主转变为以玉米为主要作物的玉米种植新区。为了在黑龙江省第三积温带玉米种植新区选择抗玉米大斑病品种及科学布局,以黑龙江省依安县为第三积温带玉米种植新区的代表,对该地区的29个玉米品种抗大斑病的特性进行评价。结果表明:不同玉米品种之间抗病性差异较大,病情指数变化为3.70~45.93。抗病性大致可分为三大类,抗病性较好的品种(病指≤15)为德美亚3号、吉单441、德元101、哈丰1号、稷禾农18、吉农大516、龙单48、龙作2号、北种玉1号、富单1号、良早66、育丰325、龙育415、九单503、垦单10号、禾田1号、吉单27、育丰311、嫩单15、宏育415、良玉21、吉农大212和龙垦9号;抗病性中等的品种(30≥病指≤15)为克单9号、东农254和吉单519;抗病性最差的品种(病指30)为丰单4号、华农292和龙单20。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and ratios of base and topdressing on wheat yield, soil nitrate content and nitrogen balance

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important measures that increases grain yield and improves grain quality in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Presently, there is a large number of investigations (experiments) in the field on different nitrogen fertilizer application regimes. However, there still exists a serious problem of low nitrogen use efficiency, especially in winter wheat high yield conditions: unsuitable nitrogen fertilizer, which often leads to lower yield and large accumulation of nitrate in the soil, bringing a potential risk to the environment. In order to explore the optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer application suitable for environment and economy, a field experiment on the different rate and ratio of base and topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer at the different growth periods of winter wheat was conducted. The field experiment was undertaken from the fall of 2003 to the summer of 2004 in the village of Zhongcun in Longkou city, in the Shandong Province of China. The field experiment with three repeats for each treatment was designed in a split-plot. The major plot was applied with urea at a nitrogen fertilizer rate of three levels, namely, 0 kg·hm⁻² (CK), 168 kg·hm⁻² (A), and 240 kg·hm⁻² (B). In the sub-plot, the ratios of base and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at the different development periods of wheat were 1/2:1/2 (A1 and B1), 1/3:2/3 (A2 and B2) and 0:1 (A3 and B3). Treatment B1 was under a regime used now in the local region. It was found that the amount of N accumulation in plants had no significant difference between treatments applied with nitrogen fertilizer. The grain yield and grain protein content were all elevated remarkably by applying nitrogen fertilizer compared with those of treatment CK. There was no significant difference in the grain yield and grain protein content between A2 and B2 and B3. However, when compared with those of B2 and B3, in A2 there was an increase in nitrogen use efficiency and residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N and N losses were reduced. Under the condition of the same rate of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing topdressing nitrogen rate clearly elevated the grain yield, grain protein content and nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicated that the residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N in A1 and B1 accumulated higher than that of CK in 80–160 cm soil layers at the jointing stage, but that of A2 had no significant difference compared with that of CK in 0–200 cm soil layers. At the maturity stage, more residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N was detected in B2, B3 and A3 than that in CK in 120–180 cm soil layers, which could not be absorbed by the roots of wheat, but led to be eluviated easily. The amount of soil NO₃ ⁻-N accumulation in treatment A2 had no significant difference compared with that of treatment CK in the 100–200 cm soil layer. In conclusion, A2, whose nitrogen fertilizer rate was 168 kg·hm⁻² and the ratio of base and topdressing was 1/3:2/3, had a higher grain yield and grain protein content, and heightened N use efficiency and minimized the risk of NO₃ ⁻-N leaching. This should be one of the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application regimes in wheat production in local regions in China. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(11): 3661–3669 [译自: 生态学报]     

益民灌区小麦水分生产函数的研究

讨论了作物水分生产函数的意义和模型的选用。对灌区内1986～1991年的小麦灌溉试验资料进行了分析。通过计算和求解给出了适用于民乐县益民灌区的小麦水分生产函数。     

2种昆虫病毒混合悬液对菜粉蝶的增效作用

在温度为20～22℃的实验室条件下,用AfMNPV和PrGV的混合病毒悬液感染3龄期菜粉蝶幼虫,可有效降低2种病毒的用量,并显示出良好的增效作用,PrGV和AfMNPV毒力倍数分别为单剂的600倍和400倍以上。不同浓度混合病毒悬液的LT50分别比AfMNPV和PrGV单剂的LT50缩短1．10～2．06d和0．40～1．93d。用PrGV病毒悬液感染4龄期菜粉蝶幼虫,其LT50比3龄期增加3．43～6．06d。     

皂脚制备生物柴油的试验研究

在食用油生产过程中均会不同程度地产生皂脚(又称油泥)，为解决皂脚排放造成的环境污染及资源浪费问题，该文以皂脚为原料进行制备生物柴油的试验分析。提出了皂脚经循环气相酯化—水蒸气蒸馏制备生物柴油的方法和工艺流程，探讨解决制备过程中酯化反应的连续带水和反应快速进行的问题，得到优化工艺参数。试验装置主要由气相酯化反应器、甲醇气化器、粗生物柴油精馏器和油水分离器等组成。研究结果表明，酯化反应温度为(100±5)℃，皂脚质量0.5%～0.8%的硫酸或3%～4%的对甲苯磺酸为催化剂，甲醇蒸气通入速度6 L/min，反应时间90～120 min，生物柴油精馏器的液相温度为160～220℃，气相温度为120～190℃，水蒸气温度为(100±5)℃，水蒸气通入量为5 L/min，能使皂脚制备生物柴油的转化率达99%以上，产品品质指标基本达到美国的ASTM生物柴油标准，并与中国的0^#柴油接近。     

作物对水分胁迫的反应

阐述了作物水分胁迫的生理生化机制及水分胁迫对作物营养、生育及产量的影响,讨论了水分胁迫反应机制在节水农业和可持续农业发展研究中应用的可能性。     

迷宫螺旋槽的选取研究

以提高迷宫螺旋泵的扬程、流量、效率、汽蚀等性能参数为目标,给出不同使用条件下螺旋槽形状与几何参数的选取。     

移栽秧龄对机插杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响

为探明中、迟熟型杂交稻品种在不同机插秧龄条件下的适应性及品种间生长发育及产量的差异,研究了不同移栽秧龄对机插中、迟熟杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响。结果表明,21 d适龄移栽杂交稻的产量、各生育时期的群体茎蘖数、分蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、抽穗后剑叶光合、群体透光、抽穗期的有效叶面积、高效叶面积、有效叶面积率以及高效叶面积率显著大于迟栽处理。品种选择上,迟熟杂交稻品种无论在产量还是在各群体指标方面均优于中熟品种,尤其是迟熟型中F优498分蘖力中等,株型好,这些特征改善了机插条件下杂交稻群体光合生产和通风透光状况,穗型大且穗粒数较多,茎蘖成穗率较高,秧龄弹性较大,可适当延长秧龄到28 d也能保持较高产量。中熟型中辐优838虽然穗数多,但其穗粒数限制了产量的增加,且其分蘖力过强,导致无效分蘖过多,对机插产量的发挥造成一定影响。研究结果为生产中选择机插适栽秧龄及高产杂交稻品种提供参考。     

三唑酮、三唑醇对小麦纹枯病菌形态和生理的影响

 小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)在加入三唑酮(Triadimefon)或三唑醇(Triadimenol)的培养液中生长时,菌丝形态和生理发生明显的改变。菌丝畸形,表现为细胞肿大,细胞分隔处菌丝缢缩;药剂处理后,等量菌丝的麦角甾醇含量下降,1、5μg/ml的三唑酮和三唑醇处理,麦角甾醇含量比对照减少45.155.9%和27.5、48.9%;菌丝在药剂处理后,电解质渗漏增加,5μg/ml药剂处理一小时后,三唑酮组的菌丝之细胞电解质渗漏达2.58%,三唑醇组的渗漏为2.19%,空白对照组仅为0.65%。本研究结果表明,三唑酮、三唑醇对小麦纹枯病菌具有直接的伤害作用。