无辣品种(系)中的辣椒素合成酶的基因缺失有利于用SCAR标记早期检测辣度

用辣椒品种ECW123R(C.annuum)与CM334(C.annuum)杂交,对其121个F2代单株进行的检测表明,辣椒素合成酶基因(CS)与C位点的共分离控制了辣味的表达.故我们认为CS与C紧密连锁.对四个辣味型品种和四个无辣味型品种的测序分析表明,无辣味型品种在CS的5'上游区有一长度为2529bp的缺失(基因序列)存在.我们已研究出该C位点的分子标记,可在植株苗期检测其辣度.根据该缺失序列,我们开发了5个SCAR标志,其中有两个为共显性.这些SCAR标记对早期检测无辣味型个体既方便又准确.     

A high fiber diet responsive case in a poodle dog with long-term plant eating behavior

An 11-year-old, castrated male Miniature Poodle dog was referred due to daily plant eating followed by vomiting for 7 years. Each time the dog went out for a walk, he had been munched grass, and then vomited. There were no abnormal findings on medical examinations. Through behavior examination and consultation, we diagnosed this dog as having a plant eating problem. Because we assumed that the dog had eaten plants to supply of dietary deficiency or relieve digestive problems, advised the owner to discontinue supplying previous diet and to feed high-fiber diet. On the follow up, the owner said that the dog had not eaten plants and vomited from 3 days after initial dietary change. The dog has not shown any clinical signs for 13 months. This clinical finding shows a possibility that deficient diet, especially fiber, relates to the plant eating behavior of a dog.     

Response of dietary substitution of fishmeal with various protein sources on growth, body composition and blood chemistry of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)

Animal and/or plant protein sources substituting fishmeal in the diets keep being developed due to its high price. The purpose of this study is to determine response of dietary substitution of fishmeal with silkworm pupae meal, promate meal?, meat and bone meal and/or their combination on the performance of juvenile olive flounder. A 60% fish meal was used as the main protein source, used as the control (Con) diet. The 10 and 20% fishmeal were substituted with silkworm pupae meal and meat and bone meal, referred to as the SPM10, SPM20, MBM10 and MBM20 diets, respectively. And the 10, 20 and 40% fishmeal were substituted with promate meal?, referred to as the PM10, PM20 and PM40 diets, respectively. Finally, the 10 and 20% fishmeal were substituted with combined silkworm pupae meal and promate meal?, refereed to as the SPM + PM10 and SPM + PM20 diets, respectively. Weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed the MBM10 diet were higher than those of fish fed the Con, SPM20, PM20, PM40 and SPM + PM20 diets. Feed efficiency ratio of fish fed the SPM10, MBM10, MBM20, PM10 and SPM + PM10 diets was higher than that of fish fed the SPM + PM20 and PM40 diets. Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the MBM10 and MBM20 diets was higher than that of fish fed the SPM20, PM20, PM40 and SPM + PM20 diets. In conclusion, dietary substitution of fishmeal with 10% SPM, 20% MBM, 10% PM and 10% SPM + PM could be made.     

Use of Fermented Fisheries By-products and Soybean Curd Residues Mixture as a Fish Meal Replacer in Diets of Juvenile Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

A 10‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential use of fermented fisheries by‐products and soybean curd residues mixture (FFSM) as a partial replacement for fish meal (FM) in the diet of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Five experimental diets were formulated with FFSM replacing 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60% of the FM protein (FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, FFSM₃₀, FFSM₄₅, and FFSM₆₀, respectively). Juvenile olive flounder averaging 5.99 ± 0.08 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into aquaria at 15 fish/aquarium, with three replicate aquaria for each experimental diet. Weight gain (WG) of fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, and FFSM₃₀ was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM₄₅ and FFSM₆₀ (P < 0.05). Also, WG of fish fed FFSM₄₅ was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM₆₀ (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in WG among fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, and FFSM₃₀ (P > 0.05). Specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed FFSM₁₅ was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM₄₅ and FFSM₆₀ (P < 0.05). Also, SGR of fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, FFSM₃₀, and FFSM₄₅ was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM₆₀ (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in SGR among fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, and FFSM₃₀ and among those fed FFSM₀, FFSM₃₀, and FFSM₄₅ (P > 0.05). Feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed FFSM₆₀ were significantly lower than those of fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, FFSM₃₀, and FFSM₄₅ (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences in FE and PER among fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, FFSM₃₀, and FFSM₄₅. Hepatosomatic index of fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, and FFSM₃₀ was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM₆₀ (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences among fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, FFSM₃₀, and FFSM₄₅ and among those fed FFSM₄₅ and FFSM₆₀. No significant differences were observed in condition factor and survival rate among all dietary groups tested. The whole‐body proximate composition averaged 75.0 (% dry matter basis [DM]), 8.66 (% DM), 16.38 (% DM), and 76.1%, for crude protein, crude lipid, ash, and moisture, respectively. Based on growth performance, the FFSM could replace up to 30% FM protein by the ANOVA test; however, broken‐line model analysis indicated 28.7% as an optimum replacement level in juvenile olive flounder diets.     

Effects of Dietary β-1,3 Glucan and Feed Stimulants in Juvenile Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Abstract.— The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of β‐1,3 glucan and a laboratory developed feed stimulant, BAISM, as feed additives for juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Eight experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric and to contain 50.0% crude protein and 16.4 kJ of available energy/g with or without dietary β‐1,3 glucan and BAISM supplementation. β‐1,3 glucan (G) and BAISM (B) were provided at 0% in the control diet (G₀B₀) and at 0.05% G + 0.45% B (G_0.05B_0.45), 0.05% G + 0.95% B (G_0.05B_0.95), 0.1% G + 0.90% B (G_0.1B_0.9), 0.10% G + 1.90% B (G_0.1B_1.9), 0.15% G + 1.35% B (G_0.15B_1.35), 0.15% G + 2.85% B (G_0.15B_2.85), and 0.30% G + 2.70% B (G_0.3B_2.7) in experimental diets. After the feeding trial, fish fed G_0.1B_0.9, G_0.1B_1.9, and G_0.15B_1.35 diets had higher percent weight gain (WG), feed efficiency ratio (FER), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and condition factor (CF) than those fed G₀B₀, G_0.05B_0.45, G_0.05B_0.95, G_0.15B_2.85, and G_0.3B_2.7 diets (P < 0.05); however, there was no significant differences among fish fed G_0.1B_0.9, G_0.1B_1.9, and G_0.15B_1.35 diets. Fish fed G_0.1B_0.9 and G_0.1B_1.9 diets had higher chemiluminescent responses (CL) than those fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Lysozyme activity of fish fed G_0.1B_0.9 diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the other diets (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the optimum dietary supplementation level of β‐1,3 glucan and BAISM could be approximately 0.10% β‐1,3 glucan + 0.90% BAISM (G_0.1B_0.9) of diet based on WG, FER, SGR, PER, CF, CL, and lysozyme activity in juvenile olive flounder, P. olivaceus.     

Age-related changes in calretinin-immunoreactive periglomerular cells in the rat main olfactory bulb

The changes of calretinin (CR)-immunoreactive periglomerular cells in the glomerular layer of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) were investigated in rats differing ages from postnatal month 1 (PM 1) to PM 24. The number of cresyl violet-positive periglomerular cells was similar between PM 1 and PM 12, but they decreased slightly in the PM 24 group. The size of CR-immunoreactive periglomerular cells in the glomerular layer increased with age, while their numbers did not change significantly in the PM 6-PM 24 groups. In the PM 24 group, numbers of CR-positive periglomerular cell bodies and their processes decreased, while the size of CR-positive cell bodies in the glomeruli was larger than that of the previous groups. These results suggest that CR-immunoreactive periglomerular cells in the rat MOB are well-developed in the PM 6 group, and that periglomerular cells in the PM 24 group show poor CR-immunoreactivity compared to those in the PM 6 group.     

Acaricidal activities of paeonol and benzoic acid from Paeonia suffruticosa root bark and monoterpenoids against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae)

The acaricidal activities of paeonol (2'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone) and benzoic acid identified in the root bark of tree peony, Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews, against copra mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), adults were examined using direct contact and vapour phase toxicity bioassays and compared with those of cinnamyl acetate, cinnamyl alcohol and 37 monoterpenoids as well as the acaricides benzyl benzoate, dibutyl phthalate and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Based on LD(50) values in fabric piece contact toxicity bioassays, the acaricidal activities of benzoic acid (4.80 microg cm(-2)) and paeonol (5.29 microg cm(-2)) were comparable to that of benzyl benzoate (4.46 microg cm(-2)) but more pronounced than those of DEET (30.03 microg cm(-2)) and dibutyl phthalate (25.23 microg cm(-2)). In vapour phase toxicity bioassays, paeonol and benzoic acid were much more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the effects of these compounds were largely due to action in the vapour phase. As judged by 24 h LD(50) values, (1S)-(-)-verbenone (7.42 mg per disc) was the most toxic fumigant, followed by (1S)-(-)-camphor, (S)-(+)-carvone, (R)-(-)-linalool and (+/-)-camphor (10.45-18.18 mg). Potent fumigant toxicity was also observed with paeonol, (2S,5R)-(-)-menthone, (+/-)-citronellal, benzoic acid, (1S,4R)-(-)-alpha-thujone and (R)-(+)-pulegone (25.10-34.63 mg). Neither benzyl benzoate, DEET nor dibutyl phthalate caused fumigant toxicity. Paeonia root bark-derived materials, particularly paeonol and benzoic acid, as well as the monoterpenoids described, merit further study as potential acaricides or as leads for the control of T. putrescentiae.     

Effects of single or carbohydrases cocktail in low-nutrient-density diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, and carcass traits in growing–finishing pigs

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of single or carbohydrases cocktail in low-nutrient-density diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, and carcass traits of growing–finishing pigs. A total of 96 pigs with an average initial BW of 47.50 ± 1.25 kg were used in this 8-week growth trial. Pigs were randomly allocated to 1 of the 4 treatments according to its BW and sex (4 pigs/pen, 6 replicate pens/treatment). The diets included: 1) control (CON) corn–soybean meal diet (DE, 3400 kcal/kg; CP, 17%), 2) low-nutrient-density (LC) diet with 6% DDGS and 5% tapioca (DE, 3280 kcal/kg; CP, 15%), 3) LC + 0.05% β-mannanase (LCS), and 4) LC + 0.05% enzyme mixture (LCM). The LC treatment had a lower ADG, and G/F compared to the other treatments in 0–4 weeks and the overall period of the feeding trial (P < 0.05). The ADFI were decreased in LC, LCS, and LCM groups related to CON (P < 0.05). The LCS treatment had higher DM digestibility than pigs in both the LC and LCM groups (P < 0.05) on 4 weeks while LCM improved N and energy digestibility compared to LC treatment. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine values were not affected by the experimental treatments. After the feeding period, pigs (2 per pen) which reached marketing BW were collected meat samples from slaughter house. Backfat thickness was decreased in LC, LCS and LCM groups (P < 0.05). No numerical differences were observed in meat color, pH value and water holding capacity among four treatments. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that single or carbohydrases cocktail in low-density diets can partially improve ADG, G/F, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in finishing pigs, which can counteract the negative effects caused by the decreased nutrient concentration.     

Modulation of cyclizing activity and thermostability of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase and its application as an antistaling enzyme

Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus stearothermophilus ET1 (CGTase ET1) is a potential antistaling enzyme with cyclodextrin (CD)-forming activity. To reduce cyclization activity of CGTase ET1, phenylalanine residues at 191 and 255 were replaced with a glycine (F191G-CGTase ET1) and an isoleucine (F255I-CGTase ET1), respectively. Temperature optima of both mutant enzymes were lower than that of the wild-type. Cyclization activities of both mutants decreased dramatically, but F255I-CGTase ET1 showed a 2-fold higher hydrolytic activity than the wild-type enzyme. CD content of bread loaf treated with F191G-CGTase ET1 was 28.6% of that treated with wild-type, whereas no CD was detected in the loaf treated with F255I-CGTase ET1. Loaves treated with CGTase ET1 or either of the two mutants contained more of the larger maltooligosaccharides such as maltopentaose and maltohexaose than the control and the commercial antistaling enzyme-treated loaves. Retrogradation rates decreased significantly in the loaves treated with either mutant, which indicates the applicability of CGTase ET1 in the bread industry by modulating the cyclizing and hydrolyzing activities of the enzyme.     

Ribosomal protein s3 immunoreactivity in the young, adult and aged gerbil hippocampus

Ribosomal protein S3 (rpS3) is well known to participate in DNA repair mechanisms. In the present study, we compared rpS3 immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the hippocampus among young, adult and aged gerbils. In the postnatal month (PM) 3 group as the young, rpS3 immunoreaction was observed in pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells of the hippocampus proper and in granule and polymorphic cells of the dentate gyrus. In the PM 12 group as adult and 24 group as the aged, rpS immunoreactivity in the hippocampus was decreased compared to the PM 3 group. Western blot analysis showed that rpS3 levels were decreased with time; lowest at PM 24. These results indicate that rpS3 immunoreactivity and protein levels were markedly decreased in the aged gerbil hippocampus.