不同早熟玉米品种耐密性鉴定试验

试验采用裂区设计,以密度为主处理,设计了2个密度,即6万株·hm-2和7.5万株·hm-2;以品种为副处理,选择吉单27、克单14、德美亚1号、德美亚2号和哲单37等5个品种,对各品种的生育期及产量性状进行了调查分析。结果表明:(1)随着密度增大,吉单27、克单14、德美亚1号、德美亚2号和哲单37等5个品种的增产率分别为2.56%、3.42%、2.54%、2.54%、7.15%;(2)吉单27在2个密度条件下的产量均为最高,分别为9 525.6kg·hm-2、9 769.2kg·hm-2;(3)哲单37在高密度下增产效果达到了极显著差异水平,其适宜种植密度为7.5万株·hm-2。     

嫁接辣椒根际土壤氧化还原酶及水解酶活性与疫病抗性的关系

为探讨嫁接辣椒抗疫病特性与嫁接苗土壤根际部分氧化还原酶及水解酶活性变化关系,采用灌根法鉴定4个辣椒砧木品种对辣椒疫霉菌3号生理小种的抗性,筛选出CM334(免疫)、“神威”(抗)作为砧木,以Early Calwonder(感病)为接穗进行嫁接,以接穗自根嫁接为对照,研究其发病率、病情指数和嫁接苗根际土壤中PPO、POD、CAT、脲酶、蛋白酶、纤维素分解酶、酸性磷酸酶活性变化。结果表明,嫁接植株发病率和病情指数显著低于对照,且砧木抗病性越强,嫁接苗抗病性越强。在接种辣椒疫霉菌前后各时间点,以“神威”、CM334为砧木的嫁接苗根际土壤中PPO、CAT、脲酶、蛋白酶活性皆高于自根嫁接对照,经相关性分析,上述四种酶活性与嫁接苗抗病性呈显著正相关,即嫁接苗抗病性越强,这四种酶在根际土壤中活性越高。     

Area-wide management of Aedes albopictus: choice of study sites based on geospatial characteristics, socioeconomic factors and mosquito populations

BACKGROUND: Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), the Asian tiger mosquito, is an introduced invasive species in the United States that is responsible for a significant proportion of service requests to local mosquito control programs. This container‐utilizing mosquito is refractory to standard mosquito abatement measures in the United States. This study is part of a USDA‐ARS project to develop an area‐wide management strategy for Ae. albopictus. The goal was to identify three study sites, similar in socioeconomic parameters, geography and Ae. albopictus abundance, in urban and suburban areas in Mercer and Monmouth counties in New Jersey. Prior service requests and light trap counts and also detailed county maps were used to chose nine preliminary sites (four in Mercer and five in Monmouth) where weekly surveillance for Ae. albopictus was performed throughout the 2008 active season. RESULTS: Although outliers were detected, socioeconomic variables in the study sites within each county were fairly consistent. Ae. albopictus abundance was associated with poverty levels and had the highest maxima in Mercer, although average mosquito abundance was similar in urban Mercer and suburban Monmouth. CONCLUSION: Three study sites in each county were identified for future studies. The summer‐long surveillance also revealed socioeconomic variables critical for the development of integrated mosquito management. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

伽玛射线测量径流泥沙含量算法中质量吸收系数优选及其对测量误差影响的分析

质量吸收系数是伽玛射线测量径流泥沙含量理论计算公式中由伽玛射线记数率确定泥沙含量的基本参数。该文研究了确定质量吸收系数的多点法和单点法。在多点法中，提出了确定质量吸收系数的回归方法，推导了由大量(多点)试验数据计算质量吸收系数的回归公式。采用大量实测数据由回归公式确定的质量吸收系数准确且精度较高，能在很大程度上消除随机误差的影响。而单点法通过几个特殊的取值点(单点)来估算质量吸收系数，具有参数确定快速、物理概念明确的优点。另外，该文从理论上分析了质量吸收系数变化对泥沙含量测量精度的影响，结果表明质量吸收系数的相对变化与泥沙含量的相对变化成正比例关系，且比例系数为1。从而确定了两种方法的有效性、优缺点和应用方法。     

Transgenic expression of bean alpha-amylase inhibitor in peas results in altered structure and immunogenicity

The development of modern gene technologies allows for the expression of recombinant proteins in non-native hosts. Diversity in translational and post-translational modification pathways between species could potentially lead to discrete changes in the molecular architecture of the expressed protein and subsequent cellular function and antigenicity. Here, we show that transgenic expression of a plant protein (alpha-amylase inhibitor-1 from the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Tendergreen)) in a non-native host (transgenic pea (Pisum sativum L.)) led to the synthesis of a structurally modified form of this inhibitor. Employing models of inflammation, we demonstrated in mice that consumption of the modified alphaAI and not the native form predisposed to antigen-specific CD4+ Th2-type inflammation. Furthermore, consumption of the modified alphaAI concurrently with other heterogeneous proteins promoted immunological cross priming, which then elicited specific immunoreactivity of these proteins. Thus, transgenic expression of non-native proteins in plants may lead to the synthesis of structural variants possessing altered immunogenicity.     

Inheritance of plumage colour variations in a large flock of Japanese quail

1. The inheritance of various plumage colour variants and their underlying interactions were investigated in a large flock of Japanese quail maintained at CARI (India) by conducting reciprocal crosses between four breeding stocks inheriting Pharaoh, White Breasted, White and Brown plumages, followed by test crosses. 2. Based on the proportion of plumage-colour types in the progeny, putative genotypes were determined for parents and offspring for each of the crosses. 3. The White and Brown phenotypes were attributed to the Panda (S) and Roux (Br) loci respectively in agreement with contemporary quail stocks. 4. The White Breasted plumage type present in our stock was caused by a novel mutation with dominant gene action at an autosomal locus that was not allelic to either Panda or the White feather locus. 5. A recessive epistatic action of the Panda locus (S) on White Breasted (Wb) resulted in a White colour phenotype. 6. A novel phenotype, White Breasted-Brown was co-expressed with the Br and Wb loci. 7. It was concluded that breeding for customized feather colour phenotypes in Japanese quail using colour mutations was feasible and would be advantageous in order to overcome the limitations of legislation to protect wildlife in India.     

Toward an ideal animal model to trace donor cell fates after stem cell therapy: production of stably labeled multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow of transgenic pigs harboring enhanced green fluorescence protein gene

The discovery of postnatal mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with their general multipotentiality has fueled much interest in the development of cell-based therapies. Proper identification of transplanted MSC is crucial for evaluating donor cell distribution, differentiation, and migration. Lack of an efficient marker of transplanted MSC has precluded our understanding of MSC-related regenerative studies, especially in large animal models such as pigs. In the present study, we produced transgenic pigs harboring an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene. The pigs provide a reliable and reproducible source for obtaining stable EGFP-labeled MSC, which is very useful for donor cell tracking after transplantation. The undifferentiated EGFP-tagged MSC expressed a greater quantity of EGFP while maintaining MSC multipotentiality. These cells exhibited homogeneous surface epitopes and possessed classic trilineage differentiation potential into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages, with robust EGFP expression maintained in all differentiated progeny. Injection of donor MSC can dramatically increase the thickness of infarcted myocardium and improve cardiac function in mice. Moreover, the MSC, with their strong EGFP expression, can be easily distinguished from the background autofluorescence in myocardial infarcts. We demonstrated an efficient, effective, and easy way to identify MSC after long-term culture and transplantation. With the transgenic model, we were able to obtain stem or progenitor cells in earlier passages compared with the transfection of traceable markers into established MSC. Because the integration site of the transgene was the same for all cells, we lessened the potential for positional effects and the heterogeneity of the stem cells. The EGFP-transgenic pigs may serve as useful biomedical and agricultural models of somatic stem cell biology.     

Effect of ensiling and silage additives on fatty acid composition of ryegrass and corn experimental silages

Two experiments were conducted using laboratory mini-silos to study the effect of ensiling and silage additives on fatty acid (FA) composition, including minor or unusual FA, of ryegrass and corn silages. Ryegrass was ensiled for 12 wk with no additives, with the addition of a bacterial inoculant or formic acid. Corn was ensiled for 9 wk without additives, with the addition of a bacterial inoculant or calcium formate. Ensiling affected both total FA content and FA composition of ryegrass silages. Total FA concentration increased (P < 0.001) during ryegrass ensiling. The proportions (g/100 g of total FA) of the major unsaturated FA, 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6, were not affected (P > 0.05) by ensiling. However, their concentration (mg/g of DM) in silages was greater (P=0.017 and P=0.001, respectively) than in fresh ryegrass. Two 18:2 FA (trans-11,cis-15 and cis-9,cis-15) that were not originally present in the fresh ryegrass were detected in silages. Silage additives affected the FA composition of ryegrass silages, mostly by increasing the proportions of SFA, but not on total FA concentration. Ensiling did not affect (P=0.83) total FA content of corn silages; however, FA composition was affected, mostly by decreasing the proportions of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3. Silage additives had no effect on corn silage FA composition. Exposing corn silages to air resulted in no oxidation of FA or reduction in total FA content or composition.