枯草芽孢杆菌对肉鸡生长性能及其抗氧化和免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis)对罗斯308肉鸡抗氧化能力和免疫性能的影响。试验选用1日龄罗斯308肉鸡216羽,随机分为2组,每组设3个重复。对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组在基础日粮中添加B.subtilis105CFU/g。饲养试验期为42d。结果表明:与对照组相比,处理组肉鸡日增重提高了12.20%(P0.05),血清与肝脏的总抗氧化能力(P0.05)以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性(P0.01)显著增加;血清中丙二醛(MDA)、NO及肝脏中MDA水平(P0.05)显著降低。此外,日粮中添加B.subtilis显著提高了肉鸡胸腺指数、法氏囊指数和血清中IgG水平(P0.05),而对脾脏指数及血清中溶菌酶、白介素-2、肿瘤坏死因子-α等指标无显著影响(P0.05)。结果提示,日粮中添加适量B.subtilis可通过提高肉鸡的抗氧化与免疫功能而改善其生长性能。     

直播水稻芽后化学除草试验效果

直播田杂草种类多、密度大、发生期长、危害重,成功防治草害是直播栽培的关键环节之一。除草方法主要有农艺措施、人工、机械和化学方法。机械除草具有很大的局限性,仅在机械条播的田块才能应用,有研究表明,即使在机械条播的田块,机械除草不及化学除草的效果好,因此发展化学除草技术是必要的。在直播稻种出芽前封闭第1批杂草的前提下,选用合适的化学除草剂防除第2批杂草对直播水稻的杂草防除作用十分重要。     

The effects of temperature, humidity and rainfall on captan decline on apple leaves and fruit in controlled environment conditions

BACKGROUND: Captan is an important fungicide for controlling diseases in horticultural crops. Predicting its dissipation is important for estimating dietary risks and optimising pesticide application. Experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of captan loss on apple leaves with temperature, humidity and rainfall, and to investigate captan loss on fruit in dry conditions. RESULTS: There was large unit-to-unit variability in captan residues in spite of the controlled application. Temperature and humidity had negligible effects on captan loss. Captan loss is predominately due to washoff by rain, although a certain proportion of captan may bind to the plant surface tightly and hence may not be readily removed by rain. About 50% of captan can be washed off by as little as 1 mm of rain after an application, and the loss appeared not to relate to the amount of rain. Under dry conditions, daily loss of captan is estimated to be around 1% on both fruit and leaves, giving a half-life of ca 70 days. CONCLUSIONS: Captan loss on leaf and fruit surfaces is primarily due to rain washoff.     

两种杀虫剂对小菜蛾的防治效果

甘蓝是黄州区主要蔬菜之一,近年来随着脱水蔬菜工业的发展,甘蓝面积日益扩大。而危害甘蓝的害虫很多,小菜蛾Plutella xylostella又名吊丝虫,是危害甘蓝的主要害虫之一。该虫在我区年发生12代左右,世代重叠,且对许多药剂已产生抗性,是目前生产上化学杀虫剂防治困难的典型害虫之一。为此,我们引进两种药剂,分别配成不同浓度进行了药效试验,现将结果整理如下：     

鸡新城疫Ⅱ系苗对一日龄雏鸡滴鼻免疫的效果

为了改进鸡新城疫免疫程序,提高雏鸡的防疫密度、增强青年鸡的免疫力,1985年我站对1、14日龄雏鸡进行了滴鼻免疫对比试验,初步证实母源抗体在4.5(log_2)时,对雏鸡免疫抗体舶产生无明显影响,1日龄雏鸡Ⅱ系苗滴鼻免疫期达两个月。1986年3～8月份,我站又在四县一区(丹徒县、丹阳县、扬中县、句容县和镇江市润州区)部分炕坊完成7.33万只滴鼻免疫小区推广试验,进一步证实炕坊滴鼻具有雏鸡集中,防疫方便省工,疫苗利用率高等优点,有利于在广大农村推广应用。 现将1986年部分炕坊滴鼻免疫试验的情况介绍如下。     

Successful drug development despite adverse preclinical findings part 1: processes to address issues and most important findings

Unexpected adverse preclinical findings (APFs) are not infrequently encountered during drug development. Such APFs can be functional disturbances such as QT prolongation, morphological toxicity or carcinogenicity. The latter is of particular concern in conjunction with equivocal genotoxicity results. The toxicologic pathologist plays an important role in recognizing these effects, in helping to characterize them, to evaluate their risk for man, and in proposing measures to mitigate the risk particularly in early clinical trials. A careful scientific evaluation is crucial while termination of the development of a potentially useful drug must be avoided. This first part of the review discusses processes to address unexpected APFs and provides an overview over typical APFs in particular classes of drugs. If the mode of action (MoA) by which a drug candidate produces an APF is known, this supports evaluation of its relevance for humans. Tailor-made mechanistic studies, when needed, must be planned carefully to test one or several hypotheses regarding the potential MoA and to provide further data for risk evaluation. Safety considerations are based on exposure at no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of the most sensitive and relevant animal species and guide dose escalation in clinical trials. The availability of early markers of toxicity for monitoring of humans adds further safety to clinical studies. Risk evaluation is concluded by a weight of evidence analysis (WoE) with an array of parameters including drug use, medical need and alternatives on the market. In the second part of this review relevant examples of APFs will be discussed in more detail.