Studies on Herpesvirus scophthalmi infection of turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.): Histopathological observations

Abstract. The histological features of the disease caused by infection of turbot by Herpesvirus scophthalmi are described. Infection of epidermal cells of skin and gill resulted in the formation of giant cells showing a variety of nuclear and cytoplasmic changes associated with the replication of the virus. The effects of the condition together with possible control measures are discussed.     

The effect of urea on the voluntary intake by calves of silages preserved with formaldehyde and formic acid

Perennial ryegrass cv. S23 was preserved by fermentation (C), or with the addition of 8.7 1 formalin (35% w/w formaldehyde) per t fresh herbage (F) or of 9.0 1 equal mixture (by vol.) of formalin and formic acid (85% w/w solution) per t fresh herbage (FF). These three silages comprised the treatments in a three-period, crossover design in which urea (u) was given at the rate of 20 g per kg dietary DM to half the animals. Twelve calves were allocated to the treatment sequences when they were approximately 12 weeks of age from within groups which had previously received diets with or without urea. Calves ate significantly (P< 0.001) less of silages F or FF than of silage C when each was offered alone, but when urea was given, intakes of silages F and FF were significantly (P < 0.001) increased such that the intakes of all three silages with urea were similar (23.6, 19.6, 19.3, 24.2, 24.2, 24.7 ± 0.51 g DM per kg LW for C, F, FF, Cu, Fu and FFu, respectively). Significantly (P<0.01) more of the DM in silage C was digested than in F or FF and the addition of urea significantly (P<0.05) increased the digestibility of DM from silage FF only (73.8, 71.3, 69.8, 74.6, 70.7, 72.5 ± 0.72% for C, F, FF, Cu, Fu and FFu, respectively). When the silages were given alone, calves spent longer eating and ruminating per kg DM ingested with F or FF than with C. The time spent on F and FF was significantly (P<0.01) reduced by the addition of urea (303, 388, 411, 297, 299, 290 ± 18.9 min per kg DM ingested for C, F, FF, Cu and Fu and FFu, respectively). The results presented suggest that urea partially alleviated the reduction in voluntary intake by calves given herbage preserved using formalin, but the mode of action was not clear.     

SWARD PRODUCTIVITY UNDER ALTERNATE OR REPEATED CUTTING OF ADJACENT SMALL AREAS

Cutting patterns producing high and low areas were imposed on swards of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne to test whether output could be increased when compared with traditional uniform cutting methods. In two experiments, swards of both grasses were divided into parallel 9 cm strips which were cut alternately on different occasions to a height of 5 cm. These swards yielded a similar quantity of herbage DM to that from other swards cut uniformly at the same height and frequency. In a third experiment, swards of Lolium perenne were divided into alternate strips of unequal width (9 and 4.5 cm). The narrow strips were allowed to grow to a height of 15 cm and were occasionally trimmed at this height. The wide strips were cut to 5 cm at 2–or 4–weekly intervals. Areas cut to 5 cm every 2 weeks yielded significantly more DM when adjacent to high areas than when adjacent to areas cut to 5 cm every 2 weeks (i.e. under uniform cutting). The interaction between adjacent areas having different defoliation regimes is discussed in relation to the possibility of obtaining some additional output from a suitable no niform cutting system compared with uniform cutting. Sward productivity under no niform grazing patterns of livestock is also discussed.     

WILD WHITE CLOVER SEED PRODUCTION

A survey, covering some 140 fields, totalling 1540 acres, in Kent was conducted in 1961 on the effect of different methods of management on yields of perennial ryegrass and white clover seed. The main results were: (a) the majority of seed growers harvested seed from short-term leys and only a limited acreage of permanent pasture was used for producing seed. Yields of both ryegrass and clover seed were considerably higher on the younger leys; (b) the highest seed yields in 1961 were obtained from fields where sheep grazing was stopped on 24 May. However, a large number of growers continued sheep grazing well after this date: (c) mechanical defoliation, especially when used to supplement sheep grazing, proved an effective method for producing high yields of clover seed; (d) honey bees are important in increasing seed yields, particularly on recently sown leys; (e) combine harvesting from the swath was the most common method of harvesting and no instance of the use of tripods was reported. Seed yields from baling methods were generally low, but direct combining produced a high average yield of clover seed. From these results it was concluded that there was much scope for raising the general level of clover seed yields, especially by giving greater attention to details of management.     

Fertility of hybrids fromSolanum phureja and haploidS. Tuberosum matings

Summary A workable level of male and female fertility is present among many haploids (2n–24) obtained from the common potato,S. tuberosum (2n–48). However, the incidence of male fertility and the seed set obtained following numerous interhaploid matings have been consistently low. Hybrids between the cultivated diploid (2n–24) species (S. ajanhuiri, S. goniocalyx, S. phureja, S. stenotomum) and the pollen-fertileS. tuberosum haploids provide one means of overcoming this low fertility. Crosses were made among 60 F₁-hybrids, resulting fromS. phureja (♀) — haploidS. tuberosum (♂) matings, to determine their pollen and ovule fertility. These hybrids, which represent 16 combinations of 15S. phureja selections (from Plant Introductions 195198, 195214, 225678, 225683, 225685, 225701, 225708, 225710, 243461, 243462, 243466) with 2 malefertile haploids (US-W 1 fromKatahdin and US-W 42 from,Chippewa), were selected for desirable tuber characteristics and yield. All 60 hybrid selections were fertile both as males and as females. The seed set obtained was exceptionally high. No self-fertility was found. The high incidence and level of male and female fertility suggests that lack of fertility is not likely to present an obstacle to future study of the potato at the 24-chromosome level.

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Zusammenfassung Ein brauchbarer Grad von m?nnlicher und weiblicher Fertilit?t ist bei vielen, von der gew?hnlichen KartoffelS. tuberosum (2n–48) erhaltenen Haploiden (2n=24) vorhanden. Dennoch sind das Ausmass von m?nnlicher Fertilit?t und der nach zahlreichen interhaploiden Paarungen erhaltene Samenansatz st?ndig schwach gewesen. Bastarde zwischen den kultivierten diploiden (2n–24) Arten (S. ajanhuiri, S. goniocalyx, S. phureja, S. stenotomum) und den pollenfertilenS. tuberosum-Haploiden stellen eine M?glichkeit dar, um diese schwache Fertilit?t zu überwinden. Fertile, kr?ftige Bastarde, einige davon mit überraschend guter Knollengr?sse und gutem Ertrag wurden erzeug', wenn die Haploiden als Pollenspender gebraucht wurden. Die Bastarde, welche von den reziproken Kreuzungen stammten, waren ebenso kl?ftig, aber m?nnlich-steril. Um ihre Pollen- und Eizellen-Fertilit?t zu bestimmen, wurden Kreuzungen zwischen 60 F₁-Bastarden vorgenommen, die aus Paarungen vonS. phureja (♀) mit, haploidenS. tuberosum (♂) hervorgingen. Diese Bastarde, die 16 Kombinationen von 15S. phureja-Auslesen (aus “Plant Introductions” 195198, 195214, 225678, 225683, 225685, 225701, 225708, 225710, 243461, 243462, 243466) mit zwei m?nnlich-fertilen Haploiden (US-W 1 vonKatahdin und US-W 42 vonChippewa) darstellen, wurden auf wünschenswerte Knolleneigenschaften und Ertrag ausgelesen. 99% der m?glichen 1.770 Kombinationen zwischen den 60 Eltern (1.755 Best?ubungen) und 84% der reziproken Kreuzungen (1.483 Best?ubungen) wurden vorgenommen, indem eine Best?ubung in jeder Richtung angewendet wurde. Der Erfolg nach reziproken Paarungen war mit dem aus Kombinationen, die nur in einer Richtung versucht wurden, vergleichbar (68% und 67% Beeren je Best?ubung). Alle Beeren zusammen brachten einen Durchschnittsertrag von 242 Samen je Beere und 92% ergaben mehr als 100 Samen je Beere (Tabelle 1). Alle 60 Eltern erwiesen sich als m?nnlich- und weiblich-fertil. Keine waren selbstfertil, obwohl alle funktionsf?hige Eizellen und Pollen produzierten. Die Leistungen dieser Selektionen als m?nnliche und weibliche Eltern sind nach Familien zusammengestellt (Tabelle 2). Die Mittelwerte für Einzelauslesen innerhalb einer Familie waren, von weinigen Ausnahmen abgesehen, den Familien-Mittelwerten vergleichbar. Die Zahl der erfolgreichen Best?ubungen zwischen enger verwandten F₁-Auslesen war mit jener zwischen “nicht verwandten” Auslesen vergleichbar (Tabelle 3). Der durchschnittliche Samenansatz war hoch, ob die Paarung zwischen Geschwister-, Halbgeschwister- oder “nicht verwandten” Auslesen erfolgte. Ein Vergleich zwischen den rohen (“raw”) Haploiden vonS. tuberosum und den 60 Bastarden ausS. phureja und haploidenS. tuberosum in bezug auf Triebkraft, Abblühen und Fettilit?t ist auffallend. Im Verlauf einer Vegetationsporiode blühten ungef?hr 50% der Haploiden, zirka 30% wurden erfolgreich als weibliche Eltern verwendet, und 3% waren m?nnlich-fertil (Tabelle 4). Demgegenüber blühten alle Bastard-Auslesen reichlich, und alle waren als m?nnliche und weibliche Eltern funktionsf?hig. Das h?ufige Vorkommen und der hohe Grad von m?nnlicher und weiblicher Fertilit?t weist darauf hin, dass der Mangel an Fertilit?t für zukünftige Studien über die Kartoffel mit 24 Chromosomen kaum ein Hindernis bildet.

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Résumé Il existe chez divers haplo?des (2n=24) obtenus de la Pomme de terre commune,S. tuberosum (2n=48), un niveau exploitable de fertilité male et femelle. Cependant les cas de fertilité male et les quantités de semences obtenues à la suite de nombreux croisements inter-haplo?des sont régulièrement bas. L'hybridation entre les espèces diplo?des cultivées (2n=24) (S. ajanhuiri, S. goniocalyx, S. phureja, S. stenotomum) et les haplo?desS. tuberosum à pollen fertile constitue un moyen de surmonter cette basse fertilité. En utilisant les haplo?des comme parents pollinisateurs, on a obtenu des hybrides fertiles, vigoureux, parmi lesquels plusieurs possèdent des qualités surprenantes de grande grosseur de tubercule et de productivité. Les croisements réciproques donnent des hybrides également vigoureux mais affectés de stérilité male. On a effectué des croisements parmi 60 hybrides F₁, provenant deS. phureja (♀) S. tuberosum haplo?des (♂), pour déterminer leur fertilité pollinique et ovulaire. Ces hybrides, représentant 16 combinaisons de 15 sélections deS. phureja (provenant des “Plant Introductions” 195198, 195214, 225678, 225683, 225685, 225701, 225708, 225710, 243461, 243462, 243466) avec deux haplo?des avec fertilité male (US-W 1 dekatahdin et US-W 42 deChippewa), avaient été choisis pour leurs bonnes propriétés de tubercule et de productivité. 99% des 1770 combinaisons possibles parmi les 60 parents (1775 pollinisations) et 84% des combinaisons réciproques (1483 pollinisations) ont été réalisées en pollinisant dans les deux sens. Les réussites des croisements réciproques et des croisements dans un sens seulement sont comparables (68 et 67% de fructification respectivement). Sur l'ensemble des baies, la production moyenne de semences par baie était de 242; 92% des baies donnaient plus de 100 semences par baie (Tableau 1). Tous les 60 parents étaient fertiles à la fois comme male et comme femelle. Aucun n'était autofertile alors que tous produisaient des oeufs et du pollen fonctionnels. Les performances de ces sélections comme parents males et femelles sont résumées par familles dans leTableau 2. Les moyennes des sélections individuelles au sein d'une famille étaient, à part quelques exceptions, comparables aux moyennes de la famille. Les nombres de pollinisations fécondes parmi les sélections F₁ les plus apparentées étaient comparables à ceux de sélections “non apparentées” (Tableau 3). La production moyenne de semences était élevée, que le croisement implique des sélections soeurs, demi-soeurs, ou “non apparentées”. Les comparaisons de vigueur, de floraison et de fertilité entre les hybrides purs (“raw”) deS. tuberosum haplo?de et les 60 hybridesS. phureja S. tuberosum haplo?de sont frappantes. Au cours d'une saison de croissance, 50% approximativement des haplo?des fleurissent, 30% approximativement sont utilisés avec succès comme parents femelles, et 3% ont la fertilité male (Tableau 4). Au contraire, toutes les sélections d'hybrides fleurissent abondamment et toutes sont des parents males et femelles fonctionnels. Le niveau élevé de fertilité male et femelle suggère qu'un manque de fertilité ne présente vraisemblablement pas un obstacle à l'étude ultérieure de la Pomme de terre au niveau de 24 chromosomes.

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Cooperation of the Inter-Regional Potato Introduction Project in providingSolanum materials is hereby acknowledged. This research was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation.