Effects of dietary 60 g kg−1 dried distiller's grains in least‐cost practical diets on production and gut allochthonous bacterial composition of cage‐cultured fish: comparison among fish species with different natural food habits

Dried distiller's grain (DDG) is considered as an alternative ingredient of dietary feed due to its high contents of protein, fibre and fat. In this study, 60 g kg^‐1 of DDG was used to feed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bluntnose black bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) and black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) for 8 weeks, and its effect on fish production and gut allochthonous microbiota was investigated for the development of a suitable fish feed high in nutrients and low in cost for polyculture freshwater fish. DDG supplementation resulted in the less weight gain and higher feed conversion ratio of black carp (P < 0.05), but had no significant effects on other fish or parameters. PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis indicated that all four fish species had some common and unique bacteria in their digestive tracts, and the gut microbiota of bluntnose black and gibel carp fed the control diet and DDG diets were very similar (Cs > 91%); of them, the total counts of intestinal bacteria studied by qPCR increased in grass carp (P < 0.05) and depressed in black carp (P < 0.05) when fed dietary DDG. Thus, we assumed that dietary DDG modulated production and gut microbiota of fish in a host‐specific way.     

水产胶原蛋白及胶原多肽的研究进展

胶原蛋白是动物结缔组织中的主要成分,是动物体内含量最多、分布最广、具有免疫学性质[1]的蛋白质,在皮革业、影像业、制药业、糖果生产、生物医学原料和食品工业中有广泛的应用。最近,国外研究表明,胶原水解所得的胶原多肽不仅具有很好的消化特性,而且还具有许多生理活性功能,     

三种免疫添加剂对草鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响

在饲料中添加不同剂量的Vc、酵母多糖和壳聚糖,连续投喂42d,并在试验的第14、28、35和42天取样检测,研究其对草鱼血清溶菌酶活性、血清超氧化物歧化酶活性（SOD）活性、血清碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性、补体C3、含量丙二醛（MDA）含量和血液白细胞吞噬活性共6种指标的影响。结果显示：实验组与对照组相比,饲料中添加Vc可以提高血清溶菌酶活性、SOD活性、AKP活性、补体C3含量和血液白细胞吞噬活性高,并降低MDA含量。添加酵母多糖可以提高血清溶菌酶活性、AKP活性、补体C3含量和血液白细胞吞噬活性,并降低MDA含量,但不能提高SOD活性。添加壳聚糖可以提高血清溶菌酶活性、SOD活性、AKP活性、补体C3含量和血液白细胞吞噬活性,但不能降低MDA含量。饲料中添加Vc、酵母多糖和壳聚糖均对草鱼的非特异性免疫功能具有一定的促进作用。     

Freshwater nucleated pearl quality is influenced by host mussel growth traits in Hyriopsis cumingii

Hyriopsis cumingii is one of the most important freshwater pearl mussels in China. Recently, this species can produce freshwater nucleated pearls of high quality. Here, we investigated whether nucleated pearl quality is influenced by the growth traits of the host mussel or other factors like cultivation period. We implanted host mussels with a spherical nucleus consisting of a small piece of mantle tissue from donor mussels. After 24 and 36 months of culture, host mussel growth traits including body weight and shell length, height, width and weight were recorded. These factors were then correlated with the quality traits of the pearls they produced, such as nacre thickness, size, weight, lustre and colour. Results indicated pearls obtained at 36 months after seeding were significantly larger in terms of nacre thickness, size and weight compared to those harvested at 24 months. In particular, nacre thickness (r = 0.33–0.48, P = 0.00), pearl size (r = 0.39–0.43, P = 0.00) and pearl weight (r = 0.35–0.47, P = 0.00) were showed to be significantly correlated with host mussels shell length, body weight and shell weight at 24 or 36 months. Larger and heavier host mussels tended to produce bigger pearls. In contrast, host mussels did not affect pearl colour. Cumulatively, our results suggest that longer culturing times and a larger host mussel may help produce better quality nucleated pearl. This information can help guide selective breeding programs designed to improve pearl quality produced by H. cumingii.     

CNG发动机运转参数对燃烧放热模型计算结果的影响

为了探讨压缩天然气(CNG)发动机运转参数对不同放热模型计算结果的影响,并确定各模型的适用范围,根据点燃式CNG发动机的缸内压力、曲轴转角等测试结果,采用3种放热率模型(Gatowski etal模型,Apparent heat release模型和R-W(Rassweiler-Withrow)模型)分别计算了燃烧放热率、已燃质量分数等参数,并进一步分析了发动机运转参数对不同放热模型计算结果的影响规律.研究结果表明,采用Apparent heat release模型和R-W模型计算所得到的燃烧放热率、已燃质量分数差异很小,二者可通用;点火提前角和过量空气系数对3种模型的计算结果差异影响很小;当节气门开度较小时,3种模型的计算结果差异很小;与其他两种模型相比,Gatowski et al模型的计算结果受发动机转速的影响更加明显;当节气门开度较小或者发动机转速高时,这3种模型可通用;当发动机转速较低时,与其他两种模型相比,采用Gatowski et al模型更加理想和精确.     

基于工作流网的转基因作物及产品全程溯源系统

随着转基因作物不断开发和推广应用,更多的转基因食品被投放到市场,其安全性也越来越受关注。我国对转基因作物及产品的监管不容乐观,生产企业的组织化程度不高,照搬国外的溯源系统会造成其与企业生产过程管理结合不紧密等诸多问题。本文结合我国转基因食品企业现有的生产流程及实际情况,基于工作流网基础理论,以转基因玉米为例,通过分析转基因玉米及产品生产过程中影响其基因特性和质量安全的重要环节,构建出完善的转基因作物及产品全程溯源模型,在模型的指导下,设计开发了转基因作物及产品全程溯源系统,具有理论价值和实践意义。     

西拉木伦河流域地表沉积物粒度、化学元素分布特征

通过对内蒙古西拉木伦河流域沉积物的采样分析,结果表明:西拉木伦河地表沉积物的粒度组成以63~250μm粒径为主,粒度特征表现出一定的风成特点;化学组成以Si、Al为主,与上陆壳平均化学组成相比,除Si O_2、Co、As Ni、Ba、Ce等元素外,均处于不同程度的亏损;不同河段沉积物粒度参数、化学元素的分布具有一定相似性,且化学元素含量之间存在高度的相关性,均表明其具有相似的的物源;不同河段A-CN-K图解及CIA(化学蚀变指数)揭示了西拉木伦河不同河段地表物质化学风化程度均较低,处于较弱的去Na、Ca阶段。不同河段化学风化程度差异与其局地气候及地貌格局息息相关;不同地貌单元沉积物粒度组成、地球化学过程的递变规律与距河道远近、地貌、植被等因素有关;西拉木伦河平均粒径与一些元素的相关性,说明粒度和化学元素之间存在一定关系。总之,在不同空间尺度上,西拉木伦河地表沉积物理化特征的分异实质上反映了风动力和水动力的差异性分选。该研究对于构建风水两相沉积物综合判别指标等问题有着重要的意义。     

基于DSP的深松整地联合作业机监控系统的研制

针对目前国内耕整地作业机械没有智能化监控装置,机手和农户无法直接监测耕深大小的问题,开发了一种基于DSP的深松整地联合作业机监控系统。该系统通过触摸屏实现了耕深限值、作业幅宽的设置和当前耕深、平均耕深、作业面积、作业速度的显示,以及耕深超过限值的报警;具有耕深数据U盘存储功能,便于农户核查机手的耕作质量。田间试验结果表明:该系统工作稳定可靠,误差率低,对促进农业生产和提高经济效益具有重大的意义。     

新疆2家牛场引进安格斯牛的牛病毒性腹泻、牛传染性鼻气管炎和布鲁氏菌病检测

为了解新疆当地牛病毒性腹泻(BVD)、牛传染性鼻气管炎(IBR)和布鲁氏菌病对引进安格斯牛的影响,对2家牛场新引进的和引进2年以上的安格斯牛进行BVD、IBR和布鲁氏菌病病原学和血清学检测。结果显示,新引进的安格斯牛未检测出BVD抗原、IBR病原核酸、布鲁氏菌感染抗体,而引进2年以上的安格斯牛虽未检出BVD抗原,但IBR病原感染抗体阳性率为100%,且PCR核酸阳性率为20%,布鲁氏菌感染抗体阳性率为5%。结果表明,新引进的安格斯牛虽未感染这3种疫病病原,但引进后有较大的感染风险。结果提示,牛场需加强BVD、IBR和布鲁氏菌病防控,实施全群免疫,筛选并淘汰感染牛,坚持自繁自养,慎重从场外引进牛只。     

中晚熟粒用高粱不同组合杂交种的筛选

为选育优质中晚熟粒用高粱新材料,本试验采用单因素随机区组设计,以4份不同杂交组合高粱亲本为试验材料,分析不同组合杂交种的生育期、农艺性状及产量性状的差异,筛选最佳的中晚熟粒用高粱组合.高粱组合杂交种的生育期存在差异,但相差不大,生育期最长的高粱组合23A×014-52,生育期为134天,生育期最短的高粱组合147A×0...