油菜机械移栽载苗基质块力学与生物学特性分析

为保证油菜载苗基质块具有良好的机械移栽适应性和幼苗生长质量,该文针对油菜机械移栽过程中载苗基质易出现破损导致取送苗失效问题,以正方体油菜载苗基质块为研究对象,对载苗基质块力学特性和生物学特性进行研究,开展以基质成分配比(蚯蚓粪:黄棕壤∶蛭石混合体积比为1∶2∶1、1∶1∶1和2∶1∶1)、基质压实度(基质与穴孔体积比为1.0、1.2和1.4)、硼硒营养液浓度(0.24%、0.27%和0.30%)为因素的正交试验。结果表明:基质成分配比和基质压实度对油菜载苗基质块力学特性影响分别为极显著和显著;基质成分配比及基质压实度对幼苗壮苗指数影响极显著,硼硒营养液浓度对其影响显著;基质成分配比和基质压实度均对基质包裹度及根系健壮度影响极显著,硼硒营养液浓度对基质包裹度及根系健壮度影响显著。采用综合评分法得出基质成分配比为1∶1∶1、基质压实度为1.2、硼硒营养液浓度为0.30%时油菜载苗基质块力学特性及幼苗生长质量较优。对上述因素组合所育油菜载苗基质块进行台架试验可知:在移栽机横向推苗速度20 mm/s,同步输送带速度30 mm/s,取苗频率40株/min试验条件下,基质损失率为2.57%、送取苗成功率为90.93%,满足机械移栽需求。     

超高压和超声波预处理对蒜片热风干燥过程及品质的影响

为缩短蒜片热风干燥时间,提高干制蒜片品质,将超高压与超声波技术应用到蒜片干燥前处理,并利用低场核磁共振技术(Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, LF-NMR)分析预处理对蒜片干燥过程中内部不同状态水分迁移的影响。结果表明:干燥前超声或超高压预处理有利于加快干燥过程,超声、超高压和超高压-超声预处理的干燥时间分别比没有预处理的对照组降低了37.50%、43.75%、62.50%;三种预处理均可以降低干燥能耗,尤以超高压-超声最为显著(P0.05),相比对照降低了32.31%。低场核磁共振测定结果表明,预处理后蒜片中存在三种状态的水分,自由水占的比例最大,不易流动水次之,结合水最少。干燥过程中脱除的主要是自由水,超声和超高压均降低了自由水的脱除时间,超高压-超声预处理脱除自由水的时间最少,为90 min,说明超高压和超声联合更有利于减弱蒜片组织对水分的束缚并增强水分的流动性。通过扫描电镜发现,超高压使蒜片细胞间隙增大,细胞壁破坏严重,而经超声预处理的蒜片组织出现疏松多孔的结构,超高压-超声扩增了蒜片的显微通道,验证了超高压-超声更有利于提高水分的流动性。经超高压或超声预处理后,干制蒜片的色差降低,复水比和蒜素含量显著提高(P0.05),超高压与超声联合预处理得到的干制蒜片品质较优,色差值为16.11,大蒜素含量为2.67 mg/g,复水比为2.90 g/g。研究结果为高效节能、高品质的大蒜干燥技术提供理论参考。     

基于无人机和卫星遥感影像的制种玉米田识别纹理特征尺度优选

制种玉米田在高空间分辨率遥感影像上呈现的明显条带状纹理,是有效区分光谱值相近的大田玉米和制种玉米的重要信息.该文在新疆维吾尔自治区奇台县玉米种植区以高空间分辨率的无人机遥感影像为数据源,针对制种玉米识别的纹理特征计算尺度问题,首先采用最近邻内插法对制种玉米和大田玉米样本田块的无人机影像进行重采样,得到不同分辨率的样本;然后用融合Uniform-LBP(local binary pattern)和GLCM(gray level co-occurrence matrix)方法得到提取玉米田块纹理特征合理GLCM参数,其中方向参数为0°、45°、90°和135°这4个方向上的纹理特征值的平均值、距离为5~7像元、灰度级为8;通过多尺度对比分析,得到最适宜区分制种玉米与大田玉米的纹理辨率为0.6~0.9m.最后采用奇台县的0.7m分辨率的Kompsat-3遥感影像进行验证,在多时相EVI(enhanced vegetation index)光谱信息识别玉米的基础上,利用本文确定的纹理分析方法,通过决策树建立规则识别制种玉米,识别精度达90.9%.通过该文的研究,可为高空间分辨率遥感制种玉米田监管提供支撑.     

Impacts of soil erosion on organic carbon and nutrient dynamics in an alpine grassland soil

The impact of soil erosion on the nutrient dynamics in alpine grassland soils is still an essential problem. Selecting a grass-covered hillslope in eastern Tibet Plateau, the cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) technique was used to determine the impacts of soil erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK). The ¹³⁷Cs data revealed that there were distinct soil redistribution patterns in different hillslope positions because of the influences of slope runoff, plant coverage and grazing activity. For the upper slope, soil erosion first decreased downward, followed by soil deposition in its lower part. In contrast, for middle and toe slopes, there was an increasing soil erosion along a downslope transect. Across the lower slope, soil erosion showed an irregular variation. Influenced by the selective transport of water erosion, SOC, TN and TP storage decreased with increasing soil erosion in upper, middle and toe slopes. In contrast, SOC, TN and TP storage varied little with soil erosion in the lower slope. On the whole hillslope, TK storage also varied little with soil erosion due to the large amount of potassium elements derived from soil parent materials. Particularly noteworthy was the greatest storage of SOC, TN and TP in the lower slope where most obvious net soil erosion occurred, which is closely related to the humus accumulation combined with gravel separation as well as weathering and pedogenesis of parent rocks induced by soil freeze-thaw.     

缺钾对水稻不同品种光合和能量耗散的影响

试验测定了钾敏感型(二九丰)和钾钝感型(原丰早)两个水稻品种在缺钾处理41.d后其剑叶的生长、光合光响应曲线、叶绿素荧光参数光响应曲线和暗弛豫动力学曲线。结果表明,缺钾降低了水稻剑叶的光合作用,显著抑制了生长。但是缺钾条件下导致两个水稻品种净光合速率(Pn)下降的主导因子并不相同。在缺钾条件下,原丰早(YFZ)剑叶的Pn随气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的下降而下降,但叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量几乎没有变化,说明其Pn下降主要归于气孔的限制。缺钾处理41.d后,二九丰(EJF)在低光强下[500mol/(m2.s)],Pn随Gs和Ci下降,但在更强的光强下,Pn和Gs继续下降,而Ci开始上升,并在1200mol/(m2.s)处超越了对照,说明此时主导因子不单受气孔限制,还受非气孔因子限制;它的光饱和点从1200mol/(m2.s)下降到大约500mol/(m2.s);同时,其荧光参数Fv/Fm、ФPSII、qP和ETR随光强上升而迅速下降,而L(PFD)、E和PP迅速增加,NPQ在1200mol/(m2.s)光强下上升,但是在高光强下却迅速降低,甚至低于对照,而且Fm、Fv/Fm下降,Fo上升,均说明缺钾处理可能使光合机构受到了伤害,发生了光抑制。对非光化学猝灭的分析得到其中间组分qNm可能起了更大的能量耗散作用,部分激发能从PSⅡ转移到PSⅠ,降低了PSⅡ耗散能量的压力。以上结果表明,两品种对钾敏感性不同极可能也与缺钾条件下光保护能力的差异有关。     

Degradability of atrazine, cyanazine, and dicamba in methanogenic enrichment culture microcosms using sediment from the Pearl River of Southern China

Degradation of three herbicides, atrazine, cyanazine and dicamba, was assessed in laboratory microcosms incubated under simulated methanogenic conditions using sediment from Pearl River of Southern China as an inoculum. Atrazine was much more resistant to degradation than cyanazine and dicamba over 300 days of incubation. Biodegradation of cyanazine and dicamba was further substantiated by establishment of enrichment transfer cultures in which the degradation of the respective herbicide was accelerated by the active microorganisms. Degradation of cyanazine initially involved the removal of chlorine and the two side chains, while that of dicamba was O-demethylation reaction forming 3,6-dichlorosalicyclic acid. Results suggest that biodegradation of xenobiotics can be established through enrichment culture transfer technique, and further mechanism of degradation and microorganisms involved can be elucidated.     

Evolution of toxicity upon hydrolysis of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

Hydrolysis of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (FE), a widely used herbicide, was studied in aqueous buffer solutions at pH ranging from 4.0 to 10.0. The degradation kinetics, strongly dependent on pH values, followed first-order kinetics. FE was relatively stable in neutral media, whereas it degraded rapidly with decreasing or increasing pH. In acidic conditions (pH = 4, 5), the benzoxazolyl-oxy-phenyl ether linkage of FE was cleaved to form ethyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoate (EHPP) and 6-chloro-2,3-dihydrobenzoxazol-2-one (CDHB). While in basic conditions (pH = 8, 9, 10), herbicidal activity fenoxaprop-p (FA) was formed via breakdown of the ester bond of the herbicide. Both the two pathways were concurrent in neutral conditions (pH = 6, 7). Toxicity studies on Daphnia magna showed that FE was most toxic to D. magna with 48 h EC(50) of 14.3 micromol/L, followed by FA (43.8 micromol/L), CDHB (49.8 micromol/L), and EHPP (333.1 micromol/L). Mode of toxic action analysis indicated that EHPP exhibited toxicity via polar narcosis, whereas CDHB belonged to reactive acing compound. The mixture toxicity of CDHB and EHPP was nonadditive and can be predicted by a response addition model. Therefore, the evaluation of overall FE toxicity to D. magna in the aquatic systems needs to consider the degradation of FE.     

无线传感器网络在农业中的应用

无线传感器网络集传感器技术、微机电系统(MEMS)技术、无线通信技术、嵌入式计算技术和分布式信息处理技术于一体,是多学科高度交叉的、知识高度集中的热点研究领域,因其广阔的应用前景而备受关注.该文综述了无线传感器网络的节点构成、体系结构、研究热点,以及在农业中的应用研究现状,针对性地提出在温室、节水灌溉、畜牧等农业领域应用无线传感器网络的方案与思路,为无线传感器网络在农业中的应用拓宽思路,争取早日将无线传感器网络投入到农业应用领域.     

基于遥感的疏勒县植被覆盖时空变化研究

【目的】评价疏勒县生态环境质量及生态环境演变过程。【方法】基于Landsat遥感影像数据,利用归一化植被指数NDVI、像元二分模型、中心迁移模型等方法分析了1996-2017年疏勒县植被覆盖时空演化。【结果】①疏勒县植被覆盖分布总体以高植被覆盖为主成大面积片状分布,中、低植被覆盖主要以盖孜河和克孜河为轴线,相对围绕高植被覆盖分散分布;②1996-2017年疏勒县植被覆盖面积和覆盖度均呈增加趋势。2017年的植被覆盖面积比1996年增加了456.4 km²,增加率为38.3%;③疏勒县植被覆盖空间变化上存在一定的区域性和时段性差异。区域上,南部乡镇覆盖度明显增加;时段上,2009-2013年植被覆盖面积增加最明显;④1996-2017年疏勒县植被覆盖中心整体往东南迁移;⑤气候变暖对疏勒县植被覆盖度变化有一定的影响,但短期内人类活动影响更大。灌区改造高效节水、耕地开垦、农作物的种植及林带面积的增加是植被覆盖面积增加的主要因素。【结论】综上可知,气候变暖和生态治理工程等人类活动因素可能是疏勒县植被覆盖面积与覆盖度呈增加的主要原因,这表明疏勒县生态环境保护与治理是科学合理的。     

不同炭基肥料对小白菜硝酸盐含量、产量及品质的影响

利用生物质炭与化肥混合制成的生物质炭基肥料进行田间试验,比较炭基肥料对蔬菜硝酸盐积累的影响以及不同原料生物质炭基的肥效差异。选择小麦秸秆炭、花生壳炭、棉花秸秆炭3种炭基肥料,炭基肥养分含量为37%,N:P2O5:K2O=18:9:10。以普通复合肥为对照,总养分为45%,N:P2O5:K2O=15:15:15。结果表明,与普通复合肥相比,麦秸秸秆炭基肥处理使小白菜硝酸盐含量显著降低了35.38%,可溶性糖含量提高31.12%,维生素C含量提高31.55%。同时施用的小麦秸秆炭基肥在总养分含量比普通复合肥减少18%的条件下,小白菜的产量显著提高了45.03%。而花生壳炭基肥和棉花秸秆炭基肥处理效果不明显。因此,小麦秸秆炭基肥有望成为有效的降低小白菜的硝酸盐含量、提高品质和产量的新型环保肥料。