水土保持生态自然修复适宜性研究综述

 根据我国的地域特点和水土保持生态建设的实施情况,进行适宜性研究至关重要。在介绍生态自然修复主要基础理论的基础上,分析了自然因素和人为因素对生态自然修复的影响作用。从区域定性、定量分析,地带性分区到GIS技术应用,以及适宜人为促进修复的作用和措施等方面探讨了水土保持生态自然修复适宜性研究的方法和内容。生态自然修复适宜性研究正向前迈进,在地理空间分析技术的引领下,生态自然修复适宜性评价在方法上会有新的发展。     

基于ARM的变量喷药控制系统设计

为提高农药利用率,设计一套具有手动控制、自动控制和试验标定3种工作模式的变量喷药控制系统。该系统以ARM7系列的S3C44B0X微处理器为核心,在UCOS-Ⅱ操作系统环境下,使用C语言编程实现机具作业位置、行进速度、喷头入口压力以及喷头喷药量信息的采集与处理、网格识别和电动调节阀控制。喷头喷药量控制误差田间试验结果表明：喷药机以4.2 km/h（Ⅱ档中油门）速度工作,喷药处方量在465～600 kg/hm2范围内变化时,采用本系统完成变量喷药作业,系统喷头喷药量最大控制误差≤5%,满足变量喷药作业要求。     

地下水作用下微咸水灌溉对土壤及作物的影响

随着微咸水灌溉面积逐年增加,不合理的灌溉对土壤环境造成了不同程度的污染。该文采用大型蒸渗仪研究不同地下水埋深条件下微咸水灌溉夏玉米对土壤-作物系统环境因子的影响。研究结果表明：在地下水水位低于3 m地区进行微咸水灌溉,0～100 cm的土层内不会形成严重的积盐现象。当灌水水质为4 g/L时,灌水水质对土壤盐分环境的影响大于地下水埋深对其的影响。地下水埋深越深,夏玉米叶面积指数、株高及产量越小,且随灌溉水盐分水平的增加而减小,地下水埋深对夏玉米形态指标的影响大于盐分水平对其的影响。     

1-甲基环丙烯处理对西洋梨常温贮藏的保鲜效果

为了探索西洋梨采后的常温保鲜方法,以“早红考密斯”为试材,研究了1-甲基环丙烯处理对西洋梨果实在20℃条件下生理代谢的影响。结果表明,在20℃贮藏条件下,1-MCP处理能明显延缓果实硬度的下降和色度的改变;抑制果实乙烯的合成,降低果实的呼吸速率,推迟乙烯、呼吸峰出现,并降低峰值。1-MCP处理与对照相比,乙烯释放高峰和呼吸高峰推迟6 d出现,同时降低了峰值,乙烯释放高峰和呼吸高峰分别仅为对照的69.6%和79.8%;1-MCP处理抑制了可溶性固形物含量和丙二醛含量的快速上升;在贮藏12 d时,果实的过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别为对照的 144.7%、113.5%、141.4%;另外,1-MCP还可以抑制果实的腐烂,降低果实腐烂率。因此,1-MCP处理可抑制西洋梨货架期的后熟衰老进程,有利于保持果实品质,提高贮藏效果。     

基于三维重建技术的坡面细沟侵蚀演变过程研究

作为黄土高原地区沟头溯源侵蚀和水流汇集发源地的梁峁坡面,在强降雨下其产流产沙对沟缘线以下坡面及沟道侵蚀有着重大影响。该研究根据野外实地考查构建5°～35°变坡段实体模型,进行6场间歇性人工模拟降雨试验,并借助基于三维重建技术的PhotoScan软件获取坡面DEM,将其侵蚀演化过程进行图形化、数字化,定性定量揭示其侵蚀形态演变特征。研究表明:1)梁峁坡面细沟侵蚀历经4个阶段:面蚀阶段,即产生一系列呈串珠状分布的侵蚀跌坑,宽度5～9 cm,深度1～4 cm;细沟形成阶段,由面蚀所产生的微小跌坑在径流作用下长、宽、深均不断增大,最大分别达到266、7.6、13.8cm;细沟网形成阶段,细沟出现分叉及联通,有明显流路;小切沟形成阶段,伴随沟壁崩塌、沟壁加宽和沟底下切,最大沟长及最大沟深较细沟形成时增大3倍以上。2)对比次降雨过程基于三维建模所计算侵蚀量与实测侵蚀量,第1场降雨试验因地表疏松颗粒较多导致实测侵蚀量比建模计算侵蚀量大而引起较大偏差(20.82%),其他场次偏差均在10%左右或以下,总体来说,该技术可以较好地应用于侵蚀发育过程的研究。该研究实现侵蚀演变关键过程图形化、数字化,有助于人们定性、定量了解和认识梁峁坡面侵蚀过程,且对于创新侵蚀过程研究方法亦具有实践指导价值。     

从狼毒大戟中克隆蓖麻烯合成酶基因

本研究采用RACE-PCR技术从狼毒大戟(Euphorbia fischeriana Steud.)根中克隆到一个蓖麻烯合成酶(casbene synthase)基因,命名为EfCS(GenBank登录号为:JN862821)。该基因长1969bp,编码602个氨基酸,具有典型的萜类合成酶的基因结构。对CS基因编码氨基酸序列进行生化特性分析发现其理论等电点为5.36,分子量为69.3648kD。通过疏水性分析,发现CS整体表现为亲水性。进行导肽分析结果发现其具有叶绿体导肽。二级结构预测表明,CS蛋白由α-螺旋、延伸链、β-转角和随意卷曲构成,它们分别占到64.95%、6.64%、3.16%和25.25%。另外,对CS蛋白质进行三级结构预测,发现蓖麻烯合成酶属Ⅰ类萜类合成酶。     

木薯淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因遗传转化木薯的研究

旨在获得转淀粉分支酶反义SBEⅠ基因的‘华南木薯8号’转基因植株,为利用转基因技术改良木薯淀粉品质打下基础。在建立了木薯从胚状体子叶到完整植株的再生体系的基础上,用块根特异表达启动子Sporamin驱动的木薯淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因,通过农杆菌介导法对‘华南木薯8号’进行遗传转化。共接种‘华南木薯8号’子叶517块,获得7株生长良好的转化再生植株,转化再生频率达到1.35%。经PCR检测,其中5株转化再生植株扩增出目的条带,初步证实木薯淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因已整合进了‘华南木薯8号’基因组中。通过农杆菌介导法可以将淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因导入到‘华南木薯8号’基因组中,获得了5株转基因植株。     

利用花粉管通道法将BcWRKY2抗旱基因导入玉米的研究

利用花粉管通道法将含有PPT抗性筛选标记的BcWRKY2转录因子基因导入优良玉米自交系.采用正交设计对玉米品种、导入时间及DNA浓度等条件进行了优化.对T0代种子进行了除草剂抗性筛选,结果表明玉米品种龙抗11授粉后16h进行导入及DNA导入浓度为200ng/μL时效果最佳.对获得的除草剂抗性植株进行PCR及PCR-Southern检测,得到PCR阳性植株71株,初步证明了外源目的基因已整合到玉米基因组中.     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

亚洲棉EST-SNP的挖掘及其在陆地棉中的验证

【目的】随着不同棉种序列数据库的逐步完善以及高通量测序技术的发展,棉花单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)标记开发可利用的公共数据资源逐步增加。【方法】本研究基于陆地棉祖先基因组的现代种亚洲棉表达序列标签(Expressed sequence tag,EST)数据库,利用CAP3对亚洲棉EST数据库进行拼接。拼接获得7 187个重叠群(Contig),再利用Quality SNP软件进行SNP位点分析。【结果】在807条含有4条以上EST序列的Contig中查找到2 690个SNP位点。通过筛选次要等位基因频率大于30%的位点,获得953个可靠度较高的候选SNP,通过电子筛选,最终获得可用于陆地棉分析的SNP 149个,利用位点特异性聚合酶链式反应以及酶切扩增多态序列验证了EST-SNP的准确性。【结论】本研究证实基于亚洲棉EST数据库挖掘用于陆地棉研究的EST-SNP切实可行,并有望将EST-SNP用于陆地棉遗传图谱构建、重要性状的基因定位以及分子标记辅助育种。