Cellular changes in the granulosa layer of the maturing ovarian follicle of the domestic fowl

1. The relationships between length, width and height of the maturing ovarian follicle of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) are shown.

2. During the rapid‐growth phase (yolk deposition) of the oocyte, i.e. an increase in size from about 9 mm diameter to 35 mm diameter, there is about a 15‐fold increase in its surface area. During this time the number of granulosa cells adjacent to the oocyte increases by about 5‐fold.

3. The granulosa cells become flatter during the growth period of the follicle, consequently increasing their surface area adjacent to the oocyte by about 3‐fold.

4. Together the change in shape of the granulosa cells and the increase in their number account for the increase in area of the granulosa layer during follicular growth.

5. Measurement of the DNA content of the granulosa layer indicated a progressive decrease in the cellular content of DNA as the follicle matures.     

The nitrogen‐sparing effect of methionine in chicks receiving a protein‐free diet supplemented with arginine: Effect of various methionine substituents

1. The nitrogen‐sparing effect of methionine in chicks fed on a protein‐free diet containing arginine was examined in three 10‐d trials. Chicks received either a protein‐free diet, this diet supplemented with arginine and methionine or diets containing arginine in which the methionine was replaced by various methionine‐related compounds.

2. Body‐weight changes, nitrogen retentions and uric acid‐nitrogen excretion indicated that the methyl moiety was unlikely to contribute to nitrogen sparing activity and that cysteine, or possibly glutathione, played an important role. The possible mechanism of the nitrogen‐sparing effect is discussed.     

A simple caliper technique for the estimation of abdominal fat in live broilers

1. A caliper technique for estimating the amount of abdominal fat in live broilers is described.

2. Sixty‐three male and 47 female broilers sampled at 63 d of age from an unselected control line were used to examine the accuracy of the caliper measure in predicting abdominal fat.

3. Phenotypic correlations between caliper measure and the proportion of abdominal fat were + 0.80, +0.79 and +0.81 in males, females and the heaviest 20% of males respectively.

4. The application of the technique as an indirect means of selecting for decreased abdominal fat in commercial broiler breeding programmes is discussed.     

Attempts to eliminate from field beans the anti‐nutritive factor which reduces egg production

1. In a series of experiments with laying hens, attempts were made to eliminate the anti‐nutritive factor which reduces egg production when feeding field beans (Vicia faba L.) as a source of supplementary protein in cereal‐based diets.

2. Neither pelleting diets nor heat processing the beans by autoclaving proved beneficial. A continuous‐flow process for infra‐red heating of the seeds at 150 °C for 70 s followed immediately by flaking (micronisation) gave inconsistent results.

3. Beans having a white skin with associated low tannin content, did not support significantly higher egg production than did a normal brown‐skinned bean, thus indicating that tannin was not the main anti‐nutritive factor.

4. A cotyledon fraction, obtained by mechanical removal of the tannin‐containing skin from brown beans, did not support higher egg production than did the whole bean, and the corresponding brown‐skin fraction did not reduce egg production when substituted for cereal in the control diet. Again this indicated that tannin was not implicated.     

Apparent independence of glucose tolerance and body fat content in 8‐week‐old broilers

1. A possible relationship between glucose tolerance and body‐fat content was examined in broilers selected at 2 and 4 weeks of age for fast or slow glucose disposal.

2. At 8 weeks of age, selected chickens were different in glucose tolerance but similar in body weight, food conversion efficiency, carcass composition and glucose‐induced insulin release.

3. Therefore, variations in glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity which are detectable at an early age, do not appear to be related to body composition in 8‐week‐old broilers.     

Evaluation of rabbit excreta as an ingredient in broiler diets

1. Dry rabbit excreta were found to contain 188.1 g crude protein, 6.6 g non‐protein nitrogen, 0.3 g ammonia, 89.8 g moisture, 8.0 g ether extractives, 135.2 g crude fibre, 266.9 g ash and 19.18 MJ gross energy/kg. Methionine and lysine contents were 3.95 and 4.29 g/100 g protein, respectively.

2. In one experiment, 0, 50, 100 or 200 g rabbit excreta/kg were substituted for maize in a broiler diet. Chickens receiving the diet containing 200 g rabbit excreta/kg gained significantly less weight to 8 weeks of age than those receiving other diets.

3. In a second experiment, 0, 100, 150 or 200 g rabbit excreta/kg were substituted primarily for maize in a broiler diet to provide equal energy and protein contents. Weight gains to 8 weeks of birds receiving these diets did not differ significantly. The uncorrected metabolisable energy content of the excreta was 9.15 MJ/kg.

4. There were no gross pathological changes in the birds fed on the experimental diets.     

Aflatoxin susceptibility of selected and control Japanese quail lines

1. The influence of aflatoxin on growth and mortality of diverse lines of quail was studied in five trials.

2. Feeding 5 or 10 /μg aflatoxin/g diet from 4 to 7 weeks of age resulted in significant decreases in body‐weight gain in all lines.

3. Similar gains for all treatments during the third week of feeding indicated that body weights were reduced only during the first two weeks.

4. Crop intubation with 4 or 8 mg aflatoxin/kg body weight resulted in different mortality patterns for the selected and control quail lines.     

Factors affecting the hatchability of eggs from broiler breeders

1. Four experiments were carried out on eggs from broiler breeding flocks between 26 and 60 weeks of age. The effects of storage and incubation conditions on hatchability were tested.

2. Collecting eggs hourly rather than five hours after lay slightly reduced hatchability (P<0.10). Pre‐storage fumigation of almost un‐contaminated eggs had no effect on hatchability even after storage for 8 d. Storing eggs in unsealed polythene bags did not affect hatchability of eggs stored for 5 or 8 d.

3. Eggs stored for 2 d hatched better when held at 18 °C than at 15 °C (P<0.05). Eggs stored for 8 d at 15 °C hatched better than eggs stored for 8 d at 18 °C (P< 0.01). Best hatchability was in eggs stored in unsealed polythene bags at a room temperature of 15 °C. When older eggs were allowed 30 to 40 min more in the setter for each day of storage, the decline in hatchability was 0.5 to 0.6 percentage units per day in storage as compared with a decline of 1.2 percentage units per day when eggs of different storage times, up to 8 d, were set simultaneously.

4. Those eggs which showed a weight loss during incubation of near average for their relative humidity (RH) treatment tended to hatch better than others except under conditions of very low RH (0.36), when best hatchability was associated with lower than average weight loss.

5. In eggs from a young flock (28 to 44 weeks of age) hatchability of fertile eggs was depressed by 1 percentage unit with an increase in RH of 0.17, and by 1 percentage unit with each decrease of 0.06 in RH from a control RH of 0.53. In eggs from the same flock between 48 and 60 weeks of age hatchability was depressed by 1 percentage unit with each 0.037 increase in RH from 0.44 to 0.70.

6. Eggs from a young flock (34–49 weeks) hatched significantly better when maintained at 0.82 rather than at 0.66 (P<0.05) or 0.95 (P<0.10) RH during the hatching period from 19 to 21 d of incubation. Eggs from an older flock (51–61 weeks) hatched better at 0.82 and at 0.‐92 than at 0.72 RH during the same period, but the differences were not significant.     

Survival of faecal streptococci in raw and pasteurised egg products

1. The ability of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium strains to survive in egg albumen and liquid whole egg before and after laboratory pasteurisation was studied.

2. Pasteurisation of egg albumen caused a decrease in viable cells of less than 10‐fold, while pasteurisation of whole egg caused decreases of more than 100‐fold in only two of the eight strains studied. After growth in whole egg, some strains were more resistant to pasteurisation in whole egg.

3. Strep, faecalis multiplied in raw and pasteurised whole egg but not in egg albumen.

4. Strep, faecium multiplied in raw and pasteurised whole egg only after an initial decline in viability which was not shown by cells adapted to whole egg. Together with storage temperature this affected the number of viable cells after a storage period of 5 d.

5. In raw and pasteurised egg albumen Strep, faecium strains lost viability; this was maximal at 37 °C and more cells survived as the storage temperature decreased.