共表达猪IL-4/6与抗菌肽融合基因的重组酵母菌的生物活性及其对小鼠免疫增强作用研究

为开发高效安全经济的免疫调节剂,本研究构建了共表达猪IL-4/6和猪抗菌肽融合基因VRP的重组毕赤酵母SG46P。通过猪淋巴细胞增殖试验和抑菌试验检测其发酵上清液的生物学活性和抑菌活性,并用该重组毕赤酵母对30只21日龄雌性ICR小鼠进行灌胃接种。接种后,每周采集小鼠尾部静脉血进行免疫功能分析试验;并在第28 d用大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌进行小鼠腹腔攻毒试验。结果显示:实验组SG46P的发酵上清液较对照组能显著刺激猪淋巴细胞的增殖(p0.05),且该发酵上清液具有明显的抑菌作用(p0.05)。接种重组毕赤酵母SG46P的小鼠的体质量有所增加(p0.05)且其外周血中白细胞数量、血红蛋白含量均显著高于对照组(p0.05);其血清中Ig G、Ig G1和Ig G2a抗体水平均较对照组显著增加(p0.05),其外周血中CD4+T和CD8+T淋巴细胞数量均显著高于对照组(p0.05);TLR4、TLR9、IL-2、IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-6、CD62L、IL-7、IL-23、CAMP和Crp4基因的转录水平均显著高于对照组(p0.05)。攻毒后,接种SG46P的小鼠的生存率显著高于对照组(p0.05)。结果表明:重组毕赤酵母SG46P不仅能够显著提高小鼠免疫基因的转录水平,有效提高动物的先天和获得性免疫水平,还可明显增强小鼠抗感染能力,这为研制高效安全经济的分子免疫调节剂和防治动物传染病开拓了新途径。     

Beacon-like immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus of domestic chick

Beacon-immunoreactive (B-ir) fibres and neurons in the hypothalamus of the domestic chick (Gallus domesticus) were studied using an immunohistochemical technique in order to verify the presence and elucidate the pattern of distribution of this novel peptide in an avian brain. B-ir neurons were seen in the n. supraopticus, pars ventralis and pars externus; n. magnocellularis preopticus, pars dorsalis, medialis and ventralis; n. preopticus periventricularis; n. suprachiasmaticus, pars medialis; n. ventrolateralis thalami. Only few B-ir cells were scattered in the most anterior part of the lateral hypothalamic area. B-ir fibres, appearing as thin punctuate structures, were seen mainly along the walls of the third ventricle and in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Labelled fibres and terminals were located in the external and internal zones of the anterior and posterior median eminence. In particular, fibre terminals were seen close to the capillary loops of the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system. The anatomical data of the present study regarding the distribution of B-ir in the chick hypothalamus suggest that beacon may play a key role in the regulation of the neuroendocrine system by acting as a neuromodulator and/or neurotransmitter.     

Pheno- and genotyping of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from bovine milk and human skin

The purpose of this study was to improve our knowledge concerning the epidemiology and strain diversity of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from bovine milk in commercial dairy herds. A total of 341 S. epidermidis isolates obtained from cows' milk (317), farmers (17) and patients (7) were characterized. Of these 105 isolates were from cows' milk in two farms, where also 17 isolates were sampled from farmers. The remaining 212 isolates from cows' milk were from 170 farms. All isolates were examined by antimicrobial susceptibility, whereas 202 were examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and 122 by ribotyping. PFGE showed single patterns in the human strains with one exception; one strain was categorised as the same clone as four of the milk strains. PFGE divided 73 of the milk strains into 62 different patterns. The PFGE method had high discriminatory power and shows that many different S. epidermidis types exist in milk samples. Antibiotic resistance patterns matched the SmaI profiles closely in the two herds, but poorly in the routinely collected milk samples. Isolates from herd 1 showed one to five patterns, depending on the typing method used. Isolates from the milker's skin showed one pattern, which was identical to the most common pattern found in the milk isolates. Isolates from herd 2 showed three to four patterns, two of these being identical to skin isolates from the milker. As dairy cows are not a natural host for S. epidermidis the results suggest a human source of these udder infections.     

Severe weight loss in lambs infected with Giardia duodenalis assemblage B

An outbreak of giardiasis was observed in a sheep farm in Central Italy. Infected lambs (30-90 days of age) showed a malabsorption syndrome, decreased weight gain and impairment in feed efficiency. The most relevant clinical sign was the excretion of malodorous and poorly formed faeces, whereas diarrhoea was rarely observed in the flock. Laboratory investigations revealed the presence of Giardia in affected animals, while no other significant viral, bacterial or parasitic pathogens were identified in faeces or tissue samples. A mild to severe infiltrative enteritis with eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells was detected in histological sections of the gut. Giardia parasites collected from duodenal aspirates were typed as Giardia duodenalis Assemblage B, by PCR amplification and sequencing of the TPI gene. Treatment with fenbendazole at a dose of 10mg/kg for 3 consecutive days, successfully cleared the infection. These results show that G. duodenalis can cause significant economic losses in sheep farming.     

Septicaemia secondary to infection by Corynebacterium macginleyi in an Indian python (Python molurus)

A seven-year-old female Indian python (Python molurus) weighing about 35kg was euthanased after several clinical episodes of stomatitis, pneumonia, ophthalmitis and dystocia over a period of four years. The animal had been maintained in a terrarium in a circus truck at an adequate temperature. During shows, however, the snake was considered to be exposed to stressful conditions for several hours at a time at low temperatures and with noise and bright lights. A post-mortem examination indicated ulcerative stomatitis, osteomyelitis, severe pneumonia and numerous granulomata and multifocal necrosis in stomach and spleen. Corynebacterium macginleyi was isolated in pure culture from the ulcerative stomatitis, and mixed with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from the lungs and spleen. The findings indicated that the snake had died from a septicaemic process caused by C. macginleyi, probably originating from the stomatitis. The role of S. maltophilia as a secondary agent is discussed. The stress of the circus show and poor husbandry may have predisposed the animal to infection and septicaemia. This is the first report of C. macginleyi causing disease in a snake.     

Non-invasive assessment of growth, gender and time of day related changes of respiratory pattern in healthy cats by use of barometric whole body plethysmography

The objective of this study was to establish a reference base for respiratory variables (respiratory rate [R(R)], inspiratory and expiratory time [T(i) and T(e)], peak inspiratory and expiratory pseudoflow [PIF and PEF], tidal volume [V(T)], minute ventilation [V(E)] and enhanced pause [Penh]) of healthy cats by use of barometric whole body plethysmography (BWBP). Eighteen healthy European cats (10 male, 8 female) were studied from the age of 3 to 13 months in order to assess growth- and gender-related changes of BWBP variables. Chest radiographs and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology were performed to confirm pulmonary health status. Diurnal changes were investigated every 2 h over a period of 24 h when the cats were adult. V(T), V(E), PIF and PEF significantly increased during somatic growth and were higher in males than in females, whereas R(R), T(i), T(e), T(e)/T(i) ratio, PEF/PIF ratio and Penh remained unchanged and were not affected by gender. When measured over 24 h, Penh, T(e) and T(i) were significantly increased in the early morning hours (04:00 h), whereas R(R), PIF and PEF were decreased at that time. This study provides reference values of BWBP variables for healthy male and female cats and indicates when circadian changes might be observed.     

盐酸处理羽毛粉的生产及应用

家禽羽毛主要由硬蛋白类中的角蛋白所组成,含水极少,粗蛋白含量高出禽肉数倍,达80～85％。但因角蛋白的分子结构致密,不能为蛋白水解酶所作用,因此不经有效处理,直接利用营养价值极低。羽毛粉有加水分解法和酸处理法两种。     

天祝县岭东地区绵羊线虫病药物驱治试验

六十年代到七十年代初,我县使用几种驱虫药物,每年进行秋季一次性驱虫。七十年代甘肃农业大学杨平教授来我县在各地做了大量的尸体剖解后建议,在秋季一次驱虫的基础上,增加春季驱虫一次。如条件只允许一年进行一次驱虫时,应在春季驱虫。此建议对我县绵羊线虫病的防治有着指导意义。近年来使用驱虫净和敌百虫别丁合剂,进行春秋两次驱虫,在生