基于DEA效率模型对广西农业推广模式的研究

本文界定了现代农业与传统农业（包括传统农业向现代农业的过渡期）下的农业技术概念,用DEA模型对广西主要的政府主导、农业合作组织为主体、龙头企业带动的三种农业推广模式的技术效率进行了分析,判定三种模式的效率,指出以农业合作社为主体的社区主导推广模式的效率最高,就加快广西农业推广、促进广西农业快速健康发展提出了有关建议。     

Changes in Contents of N,P,K,pH and Organic Matter of Soil Experiencing Hydro-Fluctuation in Three Gorges Reservoir

Setting monitoring transect in the middle and shallow water area(altitude 156-172 m) in Three Gorges reservoir hydro-fluctuation belt to research the changing characteristics of the contents of N, P,K,pH and organic matter of the soil which experienced the influence of fluctuation the first time. The results showed that by the influence of water level fluctuating,contents of soil N,P,K,pH and organic matter had reduced in different soil layers in hydro-fluctuation belt.The available N decreased by 41.53%-59.87%,available P decreased by 5.26%- 36.76%,available K decreased by 3.55%-45.56%, total N decreased by 9.52%-40.00%,total P had no change generally,total K had decreased a little, content of organic material decreased by 7.62%- 37.83%%,pH value turned to neutral,changed by 1.73%-9.58%.     

宜春市农户增加林业生产性投资意愿影响因素分析

以江西宜春243户农户调查数据为基础,利用Logistic模型对农户增加林业生产性投资意愿的影响因素进行了分析。研究表明：户主文化程度、资金获得难易程度、林业收入占家庭收入的比重、户主对林业政策稳定性的认知等对增加投资的意愿有显著正向影响。在本研究基础上,提出政策建议。     

Seroprevalence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Toxoplasma gondii</Emphasis> antibodies from slaughter pigs in Chongqing,China

Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii which infects most genera of warm-blooded animals, including humans. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pigs in Chongqing Municipality, southwest China. Slaughterhouse pigs’ serum samples collected from six different regions in Chongqing were assayed for T. gondii antibodies by an indirect hemagglutination test. The average seroprevalence of T. gondii were found in 30.6% (278/908) in slaughter pigs, ranging from 21.6% to 40.9% among different sampling sites. The results indicated that toxoplasmosis in swine of Chongqing Municipality was relatively serious, and the pork may be an important source for human infection with T. gondii. Comprehensive measures are needed to strengthen further prevention and control of the disease in Chongqing.     

Anti-miR33 therapy improved hepatopancreatic lipid and immune metabolism disorders in grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry - Lipid metabolism disorders are found ubiquitously in farmed fish and occur as a result of excessive fat accumulation. Previous studies have found that miR-33 is...     

不同毛白杨无性系林分蓄积量的长期水氮耦合效应

【目的】研究不同田间持水量和纯氮施用量对毛白杨人工林单位面积上林分蓄积量的影响,确定毛白杨无性系最佳水氮组合方案。【方法】采用裂区试验设计在河北威县林地研究不同水氮耦合处理对不同无性系(BT17,B331,S86,1316)毛白杨林分蓄积量影响。【结果】1)无性系在不同纯氮施用量和田间持水量灌溉条件下单位面积上林分生长量有差异,S86无性系对高水肥处理响应较好,1316无性系响应较差。2)对杨树人工林进行水分灌溉管理措施时,应该设置田间持水量75%以上作为灌溉临界值同时灌溉临界值应考虑造林地区的环境条件、造林密度、林龄等因素。3)杨树人工林单位面积上纯氮施肥量范围是在100~400kg·hm^-2,且施肥量应当根据实验地区肥力等级状况进行酌量加减。【结论】在河北威县S86无性系是在田间持水量75%以上和每株施氮量160g的管理措施下能实现速生丰产的毛白杨无性系,建议在相近地区进行杨树人工林速生丰产林培育时候优先考虑。     

苹果不套袋栽培模式下梨小食心虫(鳞翅目:卷蛾科)发生动态及性迷向素的防治效果

【目的】明确苹果不套袋栽培模式下梨小食心虫的发生动态、危害情况及性迷向素的防治效果,为不套袋苹果园中梨小食心虫的精准防控提供试验依据。【方法】通过性信息素诱芯监测烟台等3个地区不套袋栽培苹果园中梨小食心虫的发生动态,调查梨小食心虫蛀果率,分别研究在越冬代、第1代和第2代成虫羽化前期施放梨小食心虫性迷向素对梨小食心虫的防治效果。【结果】烟台、威海、泰安3个地区梨小食心虫成虫田间始发期为 3月中下旬至4月上旬,发生末期均为10月上旬,共出现5个高峰,7—9月为群体数量高峰期;3个地区不套袋苹果园中性信息素诱芯对梨小食心虫的全年诱捕数量为每诱芯213~1 837头,显著低于套袋苹果园(每诱芯729~ 3 715头)( P <0.05),而不套袋苹果园的梨小食心虫蛀果率为3.38%~6.13%,显著高于套袋苹果园(0.13%~0.50%)( P <0.05)。在不套袋苹果园中,性迷向素在梨小食心虫越冬代、第1代和第2代成虫羽化前期施放对梨小食心虫雄成虫交配行为均具有显著干扰效果,迷向率为87.28%~99.80%,不同时期施放处理间差异显著( P <0.05)。第5 代幼虫危害盛期(09-11—10-08)的蛀果率调查发现,性迷向素在第1代和第2代成虫羽化前期施放对梨小食心虫蛀果防治效果分别为92.89%和95.53%,显著高于越冬代羽化前施放(81.77%)( P <0.05)。【结论】烟台、威海、泰安3个地区梨小食心虫的发生动态趋势、成虫发蛾高峰期和持续时间在套袋和不套袋苹果园中差异不明显,但梨小食心虫在不套袋果园中的危害重于套袋果园。在不套袋栽培苹果园中使用性迷向素结合常规化学防治对梨小食心虫的防效显著高于单独常规药剂防治,其中在梨小食心虫第1代和第2代成虫羽化前期施放性迷向素对梨小食心虫的防治效果最佳。     

森林枯落物对流域水文过程调节机理研究进展

陆地生态系统关键要素对水文过程的调节机理是国际水文学及水资源等领域的研究热点和前沿问题。森林枯落物作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,是林区水文过程的重要影响因子,不仅能够延滞流域产/汇流、减缓洪水灾害,还能增强流域上游地区的水源涵养功能。因此,亟需深入研究森林枯落物对流域坡面水文过程尤其是产/汇流的调节机理。鉴于此,文中总结分析了森林枯落物自身持水特性及其对土壤入渗、蒸散发、坡面产/汇流等方面影响的国内外研究动态,指出了现有研究的基本特征,系统梳理了研究进程中尚存在的问题,并对其研究前景进行了展望,以期对森林区的枯落物水文功能及其调节机理的进一步研究提供参考。     

探地雷达结合钻孔探测采煤塌陷区土壤剖面层次及含水率

为分析煤层开采对地层结构及含水率的影响,利用探地雷达对西部煤矿开采区开采前后地表浅层土壤剖面、土壤含水率分布特征进行了探测研究。通过钻孔地质编录对雷达探测地层分布进行了矫正,并利用实验室实测含水率验证了雷达探测含水率精度。结果表明:1)雷达探测钻探结果显示,煤矿开采区浅层(10 m)土壤介质结构从上之下主要包含砂层、黏土层和风化层3类。2)探地雷达探测含水率与实测含水率随深度变化规律相似,4个钻孔两种方法探测所得含水率相关系数分别为0.875、0.88、0.94和0.84,表明探地雷达反演浅部地层含水率的可行性,黏土、含砂黏土的含水率远远大于砂层含水率。3)煤矿开采对浅部地层土壤剖面具有一定影响,但土壤剖面整体不变。煤矿开采后浅层土壤含水率下降明显,第1、3次探测L1测线砂层和黏土层含水率损失率平均为28.26%、12.85%。这表明煤层开采对砂层结构土壤含水率影响较大。第二、四次探测砂层平均含水率分别为5.31%,7.44%,含水率增大2.11%,土壤含水率增大范围在5%～56%之间,平均增大范围为27.89%示。黏土层两次探测含水率分别为11.46%、11.96%,含水率增大0.5%,含水率增大范围在-19.13%～19.59%,平均增大范围为4.79%。即黏土类结构层含水量变化较小,砂层结构含水量变化较大,说明黏土类地层受降雨影响较小,砂层结构地层含水量受降雨影响较大,表明浅部地层土壤水分主要受降雨影响。     

Distribution and controlling factors of soil organic carbon storage in the northeast Tibetan shrublands

Purpose

Although large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC) stored in the shrublands, information about SOC storage was little on the Tibetan Plateau. This study aims to evaluate the spatial patterns and storage of SOC in the shrublands and the relationships of climatic variables and soil pH on the Tibetan Plateau.

Materials and methods

We used 177 profiles of soil samples obtained from 59 shrubland sites on the northeast Tibetan Plateau from 2011 to 2013. Ordinary least squares regressions, curve estimation, and multiple linear regressions were used to evaluate controlling factors on SOC stock. Kriging interpolation was used to upscale sit-level measurements to the whole study area.

Results and discussion

We found that SOC storage in the northeast Tibetan shrublands was 1.36 Pg C in the top 1 m with an average SOC stock of 12.38 kg m^?2. SOC stock decreased from east to west and south to north but generally increased significantly with the mean annual temperature (MAT) and the mean annual precipitation (MAP), and tended to decrease with soil pH. Although similar relationships were also observed in alpine shrublands, the trends among SOC stock, MAP, and MAT were not observed in desert shrublands. Our results indicate that a reduction in soil pH accelerates the C sequestration potential. Furthermore, global warming contributed to C sequestration in alpine shrublands, specifically, SOC stock increased 8.44 kg m^?2 with an increased unit of MAT in alpine shrublands just considering temperature effects. Meanwhile, the C sequestration was different among different regions due to the uneven increases in precipitation. However, in desert shrublands, MAP and MAT did not significantly affect SOC stock.

Conclusions

The results indicate that though a reduction in soil pH could contribute to C sequestration, MAT and MAP have different effects on SOC stock in different Tibetan Plateau shrublands. Increased MAT and MAP were 0.05 °C and 1.67 mm every year on the Tibetan Plateau, which will increase C sequestration in alpine shrublands, but might have limited impacts on desert shrublands, which help us comprehend soil C cycling in the global climate change scenario.