Review of Groundwater Pollution and Protection in Karst Areas

Karst groundwater (the water in a karst aquifer) is a major water resource in many regions of some countries. Water requirements for most of the settlements in the karstic regions are supplied from karst aquifers. Karst environments are also used for the disposal of liquid and solid domestic agricultural, and industrial wastes, which result in karst groundwater pollution. Karst aquifers have specific hydraulic and hydrogeologic characteristics that render them highly vulnerable to pollution from human activities. Karst groundwater becomes polluted more easily and in shorter time periods than water in non-karstic aquifers. Thus, protection measures are required to preserve the quality and quantity of karst groundwater that specifically consider the vulnerability of the karst environment. In order to preserve karst groundwater, the geological, hydrological and hydrogeological characteristics of the karst area must be investigated and information on polluting activities and sources must be collected. Then, a comprehensive protection and control system must be developed consisting of the following six components: (1) develop and implement a groundwater monitoring system, (2) establish critical protection zones, (3) develop proper land use strategies, (4) determine the reasonable development capacity of the karst aquifer, (5) control and eliminate when necessary sources of pollution, (6) increase public awareness of the value and vulnerability of karst aquifers.     

胡杨叶总黄酮提取物的体内抗氧化活性研究

[目的]以胡杨叶子为研究对象,测定其总黄酮提取物的体内抗氧化活性.[方法]用超声辅助法提取胡杨叶中的总黄酮,并采用CCl4肝损伤小鼠模型测定胡杨叶中的总黄酮提取物的体内抗氧化活性.[结果]胡杨叶中的总黄酮提取物可以显著提高小鼠血清和肝组织中SOD、GSH -PX的活性,并降低它们的MDA含量.[结论]胡杨叶中的总黄酮提取物具有一定的体内抗氧化活性,为其进一步研究提供了参考依据.     

构建社会主义和谐社会的思想导向

改革开放后的中国,各项事业取得了举世瞩目的巨大成就。面对各项文化对我国人们思想的冲击,胡锦涛总书记提出了社会主义荣辱观。荣辱观的提出有利于打造和夯实民族精神支柱和贯彻落实科学发展观、构建社会主义和谐社会,荣辱观是对社会主义基本道德准则的高度概括,而构建社会主义和谐社会要求把思想道德建设放到十分突出的位置,荣辱观的提出也正是正在建构和谐社会的思想导向,因此,我们要在构建和谐社会的同时践行社会主义荣辱观。     

High organic carbon stock in a karstic soil of the Middle-European Forest Province persists after centuries-long agroforestry management

Little is known on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in karst areas worldwide, although many of them have seen long-term application of agroforestry systems with a potential for carbon sequestration. Therefore, our study aimed to assess landscape-level SOC concentration and stock in the Silica Plateau, a part of the Slovak Karst Biosphere Reserve located in the Western Carpathians (Slovakia) with a centuries-long agroforestry record. The most represented local soil units are Chromi-Rendzic Leptosols and Chromic Cambisols with clayey loam texture, C/N ratio 9–12, and $ {\text{pH}}_{{{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}}} $ 6.6–6.2 in their organo-mineral surface horizons. Mull surface humus form prevails under mixed forest stands dominated by hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), oak (Quercus petraea L.), and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). A total of 2,700 soil samples were collected from 150 soil pits. Both SOC concentrations and stocks were determined for the 0–60?cm mineral soil layer. Soil stoniness was accounted for by means of electrical resistivity tomography. According to the analysis of covariance, cropland SOC concentration (0.026?g?g^?1) is significantly lower compared to forestland (0.040?g?g^?1) and pastureland (0.041?g?g^?1) (P?<?0.01). During the period of 130?years after forest clearing, cropland SOC stock has been reduced at an exponential decay rate of ca 0.002?year^?1, while the SOC stock in pastureland has increased following land use change from cropland by approximately 30% during the same period of time. Irrespective of land use history, overall SOC stock is high reaching on average 207.4?Mg?ha^?1, out of which 66% are stored within 0–30?cm and 34% within 30–60?cm soil layers.     

小豆杂交后代籽粒品质性状的遗传参数分析

以京农2号（红粒）与S5033（红底花斑粒色）杂交后的F2株系为材料,研究了小豆籽粒外观品质及蛋白质含量等8个性状的变异及遗传参数．结果表明：（1）小豆百粒重、粒长、粒宽、单粒体积和蛋白质含量等5个性状F2株系的次数分布呈正态分布,属数量性状,而且F2株系间出现了大量超亲株系．（2）小豆籽粒种皮色彩L、a、b3个性状F2株系中也表现出大量超亲,其次数分布呈三峰或三峰,经x2测验,L、b2个性状分别由L1L2、B1B2B3所控制,亲本京农2号的基因型为L1L1l2l2—B1B1B2B2b3b3,S5033的基因型为l1l1L2L2—b1b1b2b2B3B3．     

The identification of intestinal M cells in the sacculus rotundus and appendix of the Angora rabbit

The present study was aimed at the immunohistochemical demonstration of M cells, found in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of the sacculus rotundus (SR) and appendix of the Angora rabbit, using anti-vimentin primary antibodies, and at the determination of certain fine structural characteristics. Ten adult Angora rabbits constituted the material of the study. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that many cells composing the FAE, which covered the dome regions of the SR and appendix, reacted positively with vimentin. FAE contained two different types of vimentin-positive cells. The first type surrounded intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) with a basolateral invagination in the apex and periphery of the dome epithelium, whilst the second type consisted of columnar cells found in the FAE near crypts. The immunoreactivity of the cells found in the FAE covering the apex and periphery of the domes was observed particularly in the perinuclear cytoplasm and the cytoplasm surrounding the IEL. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated that the M cells found in the FAE covering the apex and periphery of the dome regions of the SR and appendix did not exhibit any microvilli on their apical surface. The FAE near crypts contained columnar cells, which resembled enterocytes. The apical membrane of these cells exhibited shorter and irregular microvilli, in contrast to neighbouring enterocytes. It was determined that M cells, found in the FAE of the SR and appendix in the Angora rabbit, displayed similarities in terms of localization and fine structure. This situation may be indicative of the two lymphoid structures with different localization having similar functional properties.     

Determination of intracellular concentrations of free and two types of liposome-encapsulated enrofloxacin in anatolian shepherd dog monocytes

In this study, it was evaluated the accumulation of free and two types of liposome-encapsulated enrofloxacin (LEE) at the doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 microg/ml, which were clinically relevant concentrations into monocytes of healthy Anatolian shepherd dogs. Enrofloxacin was encapsulated with two different types of liposome in multilamellar large vesicles (MLV). Type A MLV composed of 15 mg egg phosphatidylcholine and 35 mg cholesterol, Type B MLV composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol and enrofloxacin, in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 : 1. The mean sizes of Type A and Type B liposome were found to be 7.65 and 4.27 microm, respectively. However, the mean encapsulation rate determined of Type A (13 +/- 2%) was found lower than Type B liposome (44 +/- 3%). The amounts of intracellular enrofloxacin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Type B LEE accumulated significantly higher level into monocytes when compared to free drug or Type A liposome. This study showed that Type B LEE markedly concentrated within monocytes and may improve the antibacterial efficacy of the antibiotic.     

Immunohistochemical Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase Enzymes (iNOS,eNOS, nNOS) in the Estrual and Luteal Phases of the Sexual Cycle in the Cow Oviduct

This study was aimed to determine staining intensity, cellular localization and distribution of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes during the sexual cycle in the cow oviduct. Oviduct samples belonging to 20 cows, 10 of which were in the estrual phase and 10 in the luteal phase of the sexual cycle, were examined by an immunohistochemical procedure to determine the presence of the NOS enzymes. In the epithelial cells of the isthmus, endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression showed a strong positive reaction during the estrual phase and a weak positive reaction during the luteal phase in the endothelium and smooth muscle of the blood vessels found in the serosa and lamina propria. eNOS expression was not observed in the epithelium of either the ampulla or the fimbria in the two particular phases of the sexual cycle. The eNOS reactions observed in the blood vessel wall in these regions were stronger during the estrual phase. eNOS activity was not observed in the tunica muscularis in any of the regions of the oviduct. During the estrual phase, it was observed that inducible NOS expression showed a stronger positive reaction in the epithelium and muscle layer of the isthmus and ampulla and in the epithelium of the fimbria, compared to the luteal phase. Neuronal NOS immunoreactivity was observed in the epithelial cells of all oviduct regions and in the muscle layer of the isthmus and ampulla and did not display any significant difference between the estrual and luteal phases.     

Blood serum characteristics of newborn pigs: comparison of unaffected pigs with pigs belonging to five mortality groups.

The blood serum levels of glucose, hemoglobin, insulin, cortisol, albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha 2-macroglobulin f and s, alpha 2-antitrypsin inhibitor and alpha 1-protease inhibitor were determined at birth in 5 clinically and morphologically identified mortality groups of pigs. These were compared with the levels observed in unaffected, apparently normal newborn unsuckled pigs. The blood serum profile of the pigs in the stillborn intra partum, weak, splayleg and trauma groups, respectively, as well as that of clinically normal splayleg littermates, differed significantly from that of the unaffected pigs. This was especially true for the levels of hemoglobin and the two macroglobulins. The importance of placental insufficiency causing chronic episodes of hypoxia which ultimately lead to a disturbance in organ development in the etiology of the mortality groups is discussed.     

Fertility Assessment in Sorraia Stallions by Sperm‐Fish and Fkbp6 Genotyping

The Sorraia, a critically endangered indigenous Iberian horse breed, is characterized by low genetic variability, high rate of inbreeding, bad sperm quality and subfertility. Here, we studied 11 phenotypically normal but subfertile Sorraia stallions by karyotyping, sex chromosome sperm‐FISH and molecular analysis of FKBP6 – a susceptibility locus for impaired acrosome reaction (IAR). The stallions had normal sperm concentration (>300 million cells/ml), but the numbers of progressively motile sperm (21%) and morphologically normal sperm (28%) were invariably low. All stallions had a normal 64,XY karyotype. The majority of sperm (89%) had normal haploid sex chromosome content, although 11% of sperm carried various sex chromosome aneuploidies. No correlation was found between the percentage of sperm sex chromosome abnormalities and inbreeding, sperm morphology or stallion age. Direct sequencing of FKBP6 exon 4 for SNPs g.11040315G>A and g.11040379C>A revealed that none of the stallions had the susceptibility genotype (A/A‐A/A) for IAR. Instead, all animals had a G/G‐A/A genotype – a testimony of low genetic variability. The findings ruled out chromosomal abnormalities and genetic predisposition for IAR as contributing factors for subfertility. However, low fertility of the Sorraia stallions could be partly attributed to relatively higher rate of sex chromosome aneuploidies in the sperm.