水稻根系特征与氮吸收利用效率关系的研究进展

植物根系是活跃的物质代谢和吸收器官,对植株生物量积累、养分和水分高效吸收利用具有重要作用。本文主要综述了水稻根系形态、解剖、生理特征与氮吸收利用效率的关系以及不同氮效率品种根系特征的差异,并综述了促进根系生长和提高氮吸收利用效率的栽培调控措施,展望了未来水稻根系的研究方向,为水稻氮肥减施、氮高效栽培管理技术优化和氮高效品种选育提供理论依据。     

8种植物精油对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性及椒蒿精油的GC-MS成分分析

为探究植物精油对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,通过水蒸汽蒸馏法提取8种植物精油,菌丝生长抑制法测定精油对尖孢镰刀菌、串珠镰刀菌、黄色镰孢菌和立枯丝核菌的抑菌活性。结果表明：驱虫斑鸠菊精油无抑菌活性,其他7种植物精油均有一定的抑菌活性,其中香青兰和椒蒿精油的活性最强,在体积浓度为0.5 µL/mL时,香青兰精油对尖孢镰刀菌、黄色镰孢菌和立枯丝核菌的抑菌率在95%以上,椒蒿精油对4种病原真菌的抑菌率在70%以上。在体积浓度为0.05 µL/mL时,椒蒿精油对4种病原真菌的抑菌率均在50%以上,香青兰精油对尖孢镰刀菌、黄色镰孢菌和立枯丝核菌的抑菌率在35%以上。通过气相色谱−质谱联用（Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometer, GC−MS）技术对椒蒿精油进行化学成分分析,a,a-二甲基-1,4-二氧-2-奈乙醛的相对含量最高,占比72.17%。本研究可为植物病原微生物的绿色防控提供基础资料。     

球孢白僵菌Bbchitinase 1和Bbchitinase 2在侵染宿主过程中的不同作用

球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）在宿主昆虫体壁穿透和体内定植过程中分泌了Bbchitinase 1和Bbchitinase 2两种胞外几丁质酶,但二者的作用分工尚不明确。本文通过菌株胞外总几丁质酶活性与侵染毒力的相关性分析,Bbchitinase 1和Bbchitinase 2基因表达水平与侵染毒力的相关性分析,Bbchitinase 1和Bbchitinase 2的生物信息学分析以及在侵染过程中的表达模式分析,以期明晰Bbchitinase 1和Bbchitinase 2在菌株侵染宿主过程中的作用分工。结果表明,菌株胞外几丁质酶活性与侵染毒力呈正相关,但Bbchitinase 1和Bbchitinase 2表达水平不同。菌株间Bbchitinase 1表达水平与菌株侵染毒力（MMT和LT₅₀）呈显著正相关,而Bbchitinase 2表达水平却与侵染毒力不相关。生物信息学分析结果显示,Bbchitinase 1和Bbchitinase 2具有显著的结构和功能差异,可能结合不同的配体蛋白,参与不同的代谢过程。表达模式分析结果表明,Bbchitinase 1和Bbchitinase 2基因在侵染宿主过程中均上调表达;但Bbchitinase 1仅在侵染家蚕的体壁穿透阶段显著上调表达,而Bbchitinase 2在芽生孢子生成阶段和菌丝大量增殖阶段显著上调表达。以上研究结果说明,Bbchitinase 1可能参与菌株侵染早期的侵入钉形成和体壁穿透过程,与侵染毒力呈正相关;而Bbchitinase 2可能参与侵染过程中的芽生孢子发育和菌丝大量增殖代谢调控。本研究明晰了球孢白僵菌不同几丁质酶在侵染过程中的作用分工,建立了以Bbchitinase 1基因表达水平判定菌株毒力的数学模型,为高毒、高稳定性球孢白僵菌生防菌株的筛选提供重要科学依据,对提升绿色生态防治应用效果具有重要意义。     

大气增温与干旱胁迫对灵武长枣生长与光合特性的影响

以4年生灵武长枣嫁接苗为试材,采用双因素嵌套试验设计,大气温度为正常气温和大气增温(+2.0℃)2个环境,采用红外线辐射器控制模拟增温环境,土壤自动灌溉系统控制土壤水分水平(70%~80%、50%~60%、30%~40%),研究了日间气温升高与土壤干旱胁迫交互作用对灵武长枣生长及光合特性的影响,以期为灵武长枣的栽培管理提供参考依据。结果表明:增温处理可促进枣树生长和光合作用,尤其有利于枣吊加长和叶面积的增加,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(E)、水分利用效率(IWUE)等指标升高,但气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)呈下降趋势,增温可缓解干旱胁迫对枣树生长的抑制作用。     

空间电场对蔬菜生长及营养成分的影响

以小白菜、小油菜、丝瓜和苦瓜为试材,在防虫网大棚安装空间电场条件下,研究了空间电场对蔬菜的生长和营养成分的影响。结果表明:空间电场提高了小白菜、小油菜的株高和产量,增加了小白菜、丝瓜和苦瓜的茎粗,降低了小白菜、小油菜的根冠比;4种蔬菜的叶绿素、可溶性糖含量下降;小白菜、小油菜和苦瓜的水分含量提高,但是丝瓜的水分含量降低;丝瓜和苦瓜的维生素C含量增加,而小白菜、小油菜的维生素C含量减少;空间电场还降低了小油菜、丝瓜和苦瓜的纤维素含量。总体来说,空间电场能够促进蔬菜的生长,提高蔬菜品质。     

马驽巴贝斯虫新疆伊犁株Bc48基因克隆、表达及其多克隆抗体的制备

为表达马驽巴贝斯虫新疆伊犁株Bc48基因,制备多克隆抗体,试验根据GenBank中马驽巴贝斯虫Bc48基因序列,设计合成1对特异性引物,以提取的新疆株Bc48基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,将扩增产物克隆至原核表达载体pET-28a（+）中,阳性质粒转化至大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）感受态细胞中,经IPTG诱导后表达产物进行SDS-PAGE分析,切胶纯化蛋白后免疫6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠,制备多克隆抗体;同时把该基因克隆至真核表达载体pCMV-N-flag中,将阳性质粒转化至大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞中,提取pCMV-N-flag-Bc48质粒转染到293T细胞中进行真核表达。结果显示,获得了大小约为15 ku的融合蛋白,与预期目的蛋白大小相一致;免疫BALB/c小鼠制备的多克隆抗体经ELISA和Western blotting检测、验证,能特异地识别相应抗原,其抗体效价可达1：128 000,说明该多克隆抗体有较高的抗体效价和特异性;真核表达质粒在293T细胞中表达Bc48蛋白。本试验可为进一步研究马驽巴贝斯虫功能基因及建立快速的检测方法奠定基础,在虫株的分类学研究及候选疫苗的研制中有重要意义。     

龙门石窟微博营销对河南旅游业的影响研究

指出了微博以其短小精悍，传播快捷、迅速成为旅游资讯传播的重要渠道和旅游网络营销的重要手段，引起旅游部门的高度重视。以洛阳龙门石窟为例，通过实地走访、对景区游客问卷调查、景区工作人员访谈、关注龙门石窟微博量以及粉丝量等实际行动，结合所学营销学、旅游学等理论知识，剖析了龙门石窟微博营销的优缺点，并参照山东省旅游局官方微博，对二者的新浪官方微博进行数据分析与内容比较，探讨了微博营销的成功秘诀，供河南省旅游业开展微博营销时参考借鉴。     

Characteristics of systemic infection and host responses in chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum

Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) is a host-specific pathogen causing systemic infection in poultry, which leads to significant economic losses due to high mortality. However, little is known about the dynamic process of systemic infection and pathogenic characteristics of S. Gallinarum in chickens. In the present study, we developed an oral infection model that reproduces the pathology of S. Gallinarum and clarified the host immune response of the infected chickens. Chickens at 20 days of age orally inoculated at a dose of 10⁸ colony forming unit (CFU) showed typical clinical signs of fowl typhoid and died between 6 and 10 days post infection. The inoculated S. Gallinarum rapidly disseminated to multple organs and the bacterial counts increased in the liver and spleen at 3 days post infection. Pathological changes associated wirh inflammation in the liver and spleen became apparent at 4 days post infection, and increased expression of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleuikin (IL)-12 in the liver and spleen did not observed until 3 days post infection. These results indicate that S. Gallinarum rapidly spread to entire body through intestine, and the low-level of inflammatory responses in the liver during the early stage of infection may contribute to rapid, systemic dissemination of the bacteria. Our infection model and findings will contribute to the better understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of S. Gallinarum, and provide new insights into the prevention and control of fowl typhoid.     

Impact of promotion of mango and liver as sources of vitamin A for young children: a pilot study in Burkina Faso

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a behaviour change approach, with or without financial support, in improving vitamin A (VA) intake and serum retinol concentration through mango and liver consumption by children. DESIGN: A parallel design (no control area) was used to assess changes in VA intake and serum retinol over a 15-week period. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: A pilot study was implemented in the Department of Kokologho, a rural area in central west Burkina Faso. One hundred and fifty children aged 2-3 years were randomly selected and assigned to two treatment groups: PA$$ (promotional activities and financial support) and PA (promotional activities). RESULTS: The intervention significantly increased (P < 0.001) total VA intake by 56% in PA$$ and by 50% in PA. VA intake from liver increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 12.7 +/- 23.5 to 155.3 +/- 56.3 microg retinol activity equivalents (RAE) in PA$$ and from 21.6 +/- 29.7 to 135.3 +/- 44.9 microg RAE in PA. Changes in VA intake from liver were significantly higher (P = 0.004) in PA$$ compared with PA. Mean serum retinol concentration increased significantly by 26% (P < 0.001) in PA$$ and 30% (P < 0.001) in PA. Changes in serum retinol concentration (0.13 micromol l(-1) in PA$$ vs. 0.17 micromol l(-1) and in PA) did not differ significantly (P = 0.455) between groups over the intervention. CONCLUSION: Promotional activities on mango and liver intake effectively increased VA intake and serum retinol concentrations. Although an additional beneficial effect of financial support on liver intake was observed, this did not translate into a further increase in serum retinol concentration.     

Lignin Characteristics of Steam Exploded Bamboo Residue during Hot Pressing

bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis) residue was subjected to steam explosion treatment to produce superior fibers for binderless boards.Then,lignin was isolated from extract-free bamboo meal,steam exploded pulp,and binderless boards with characteristics being determined by thermo-gravimetry (TG),differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Results showed that:1) the yield of lignin directly extracted with dioxane-water from steam exploded bamboo pulp(SEBPL) and binderless board (SEBBL) was higher than that of milled bamboo lignin (MBL).Also,the yield of SEBBL was lower than that of SEBPL.2) FTIR results showed cleavage of ester and ether bonds between lignin and p-coumaric acid during steam explosion treatment.3) SEBBL showed two glass transitions at 115℃and 200℃, while MBL gave one glass transitions at 155℃.And 4) the modulus of rupture(MOR) and modulus of elasticity(MOE) decreased with an increase in steaming time;whereas internal bonding(IB) increased.In all cases the dimensional stability of boards did not exceed the maximum requirements for type GB/T 11718- 1999.