Influence of Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary treatments on mechanical properties of blue-stained Lodgepole Pine wood

Three concentrations （2.8%, 2.0%, 1.2%） of Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary （ACQ） was selected to treat Lodgepole pine wood for evaluating ACQ treatment on mechanical properties of blue-stained wood. The bending modules of elasticity （MOE）, modules of rupture （MOR）, toughness and shearing strength parallel to grain on tangential surface, are tested according to the criteria GB1927-1943-91. Non-treated sample were also tested according to the same procedure. The results showed that the three groups specimen impregnated by different concentrations of ACQ solution met the AWPA standard 2003 of America （UC4A 6.4g/cm^3）. There were significant difference of toughness between treated wood and non-treated wood （p=0.01）, but there were no statistically significant differences among three concentrations in terms of toughness, and toughness of treated wood was approximately 20% lower than non-treated. MOR, MOE as well as sheafing strength parallel to grain were found to be not significantly different between treated wood and non-treated one, and there were no statistically significant difference among three concentrations of ACQ too. Toughness, MOR, MOE and sheafing strength parallel to grain increased with decrease of concentration of ACQ, but they were hardly affected by ACQ preservatives.     

Farm Forestry Prospects Among Some Local Communities in Rachuonyo District,Kenya

Deforestation and degradation of productive lands are serious threats to the sustainability of forestry/agricultural practices in Kenya. In the last two decades farm forestry (FF) has been promoted through pilot projects among local communities as an example of sustainable land use. However adoption of FF is limited outside the project locations because FF improvement measures focused mainly on biological (e.g. succession, biodiversity and traditional industrial timber production) and technical concerns (e.g. material input delivery such as providing free tree seedlings for field planting) rather than local values, and interests and the constraints facing farmers. This study examined the local farm priorities and constraints and the prospects for the wider implementation of farm-level tree planting in four communities in Rachuonyo District. Using interviews with 597 randomly selected household heads, the study assessed farmer’s production assets and activities, land tenure, priority tree species and the constraints to growing trees on farms. Results show that farm labour is represented by a young population, 56.3% under the age of forty. They are mainly engaged in small-scale mixed cropping integrated with multipurpose trees and some livestock. Tree products contribute about 32% to household cash income, more than any other source (agricultural products, labour sales, etc). Females were more often household heads and had considerable influence over productive activities, making them an important target group in FF development. Farmers preferred exotic tree species due to their ability to provide short-term cash income, fuel and shade. Farmers’ concerns included population pressure on limited farmlands and the problem of credit for agricultural inputs. Given the feeling of secured tenure arrangement and influence of tree products on the household economy, farmers are likely to invest more in efficient land uses such as FF if consideration is given to local priorities.     

Using leaf tip necrosis as a phenotypic marker to predict the presence of durable rust resistance gene pair <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lr34</Emphasis>/<Emphasis Type="Italic">Yr18</Emphasis> in wheat

Fifty wheat varieties along with Jupateco-73 and Morocco were studied for the expression of leaf tip necrosis (LTN), a trait linked with the durable rust resistance gene pair Lr34/Yr18. LTN was frequent (i.e., ≥6) in nine replications of a field experiment over 3 years in 17 genotypes, and the varieties were considered positive for LTN. In molecular analyses of these varieties, having relative severity values up to 78 for yellow rust and 45 for leaf rust, the 150-bp Lr34/Yr18-linked allele was consistently amplified. Expression of LTN in six of nine replications is an appropriate threshold for predicting the presence of Lr34/Yr18 gene pair, and genotypes can be selected using this trait.     

山羊豆种质苗期耐盐性鉴定及评价方法

采用NaCl胁迫对44份山羊豆种质材料进行了苗期耐盐性研究。结果表明,在NaCl胁迫下,山羊豆的生长受到明显抑制,地上生物量、地下生物量、株高、叶片数、存活率与材料的耐盐能力存在明显相关性,可作为耐盐鉴定指标;采用4种方法进行耐盐性评价,最佳的评价方法是标准差系数赋予权重法与聚类分析相结合;依据标准差系数赋予权重法以及聚类分析,44份材料可分为5类:相对高度耐盐的有16份材料,耐盐材料有8份,中等耐盐材料7份,盐害敏感材料10份,盐害高敏材料3份。     

建鲤组织蛋白酶L 的原核表达、纯化鉴定及多克隆抗体的制备

对原核表达的重组建鲤组织蛋白酶L(Cathepsin L,CAT L)蛋白进行尿素洗涤和Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化,该目的蛋白经300 mmol/L咪唑洗脱为单一峰,SDS-PAGE结合TSK-GEL G2000SWxl凝胶过滤高效液相色谱分析表明重组CAT L获得了高度纯化,分子量约28 k D,纯度超过95%。Z-Phe-Arg-MCA底物测活法显示该重组CAT L表现为半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性,能与其内源抑制因子Cystatin以1︰1的摩尔比结合,具有生物学活性。以纯化的重组CAT L蛋白免疫Balb/C小鼠获得抗血清,经ELISA法检测获得的CAT L抗血清效价高于1︰512000;Western blotting鉴定结果表明该抗体具有良好的特异性,能够识别原核表达的重组CAT L蛋白。免疫组织化学分析结果表明,该抗体还能识别建鲤小肠、肝胰脏、脾、背肌和心肌组织表达的内源性CAT L蛋白。因此可利用该抗体从蛋白水平检测CAT L在鱼类不同组织中的表达和分布情况。     

Rice <Emphasis Type="Italic">terpene synthase 18</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">OsTPS18</Emphasis>) encodes a sesquiterpene synthase that produces an antibacterial (<Emphasis Type="Italic">E</Emphasis>)-nerolidol against a bacterial pathogen of rice

Plant volatile compounds, including terpenes, are known to be involved in the rice defense system. In the present analysis of a terpene synthase, OsTPS18, in rice, we found that OsTPS18 was localized in the cytoplasm and synthesized the sesquiterpenes (E)-nerolidol and (E)-β-farnesene. The amounts of (E)-nerolidol and (E)-β-farnesene increased after jasmonic acid (JA) treatment. (E)-Nerolidol had significant antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). These results suggest that (E)-nerolidol plays an important role in JA-induced resistance against Xoo and that it functions as an antibacterial compound in rice.     

Identification of favorable alleles in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">non</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">yellow coloring 1</Emphasis> gene by association mapping in maize

Association mapping was conducted to explore favorable alleles of the chlorophyll-related non-yellow coloring 1 (NYC1) gene under light and dark using an association panel of 146 maize inbred lines. A total of 14 polymorphic sites were identified to be significantly associated with at least one of the chlorophyll-related traits at the seedling stage. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (S320, S2951, S3901, and S3355) from the NYC1 gene were respectively strongly associated with chlorophyll b (chlb), the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b (chl_ratio), chlorophyll a degradation (chla_deg), and total chlorophyll degradation (total_chl_deg). SNPs S320 (C/A) in exon 1, and S2951 (A/G) in intron 8 was related to chlb, with 6.01 and 8.89% of phenotypic variation under light treatment, respectively. Under dark treatment, SNP S3901 (C/T), located in 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), was associated with chl_ratio, explaining 7.01% of the observed phenotypic variation, whereas SNP S3355 (C/G) in intron 9 explained 6.48 and 5.18% of phenotypic variations in chla_deg and total_chl_deg, respectively. Taken together, these results indicated that the NYC1 gene plays an important role in chlorophyll content and other related traits, and different sites act on chlorophyll metabolism under different light intensities in maize seedlings. Furthermore, these findings improve our understanding of the genetic basis of chlorophyll metabolism under different light conditions.     

HPLC法测定谷子籽粒叶酸含量及种质资源评价

谷子籽粒中富含叶酸,作为一种功能性食品深受北方人民的喜爱,而作物籽粒,如小米叶酸测定方法及含量分析存在较大差异,为小米品质鉴定及高叶酸谷子种质筛选造成了一定困难。本研究通过"三酶法"提取小米中的叶酸,建立了一种基于高效液相色谱技术(HPLC)高效化、规模化且稳定适用于测定谷子籽粒叶酸含量的方法,对2016年和2017年种植的45个谷子种质进行叶酸含量测定和分类评价。结果表明:叶酸标准品梯度曲线呈线性方程相关,相关系数为0.99;小米样品叶酸测定过程中精密度、稳定性和重复性的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.81%、1.19%和1.65%,各项指标符合精密测定标准,准确度高,重复性好;45个谷子种质籽粒叶酸含量分布范围为0.26～2.56μg/g(2016年度)和0.53～2.86μg/g(2017年度),含量均值分别为1.19和1.84μg/g,标准差0.47和0.51μg/g,变异系数39.5%和27.7%;对上述种质进行正态分布曲线分析,发现叶酸含量整体呈现偏度分布;从中筛选出9个高叶酸(含量≥1.91μg/g)和3个低叶酸(含量≤1.15μg/g)的谷子种质。上述结论为小米叶酸含量提供了测定标准和评价体系,也为高叶酸谷子种质创新与利用奠定了基础。     

基于超声波技术的水平管气液两相流流型识别方法

根据超声波在不同介质界面处的反射回波强弱不同的特性,提出了应用超声波对水平管气液两相流流型进行非介入式在线识别的方法。理论计算得到钢管内壁接触的介质分别为水和空气时的声压反射率,证明了超声波流型识别法的可行性。数值仿真研究管内的流体分别为水、空气时不同界面的反射回波特点,得到了超声波流型识别法的实现方式。依据数值仿真结果,开展超声波气液两相流流型在线识别实验,分析气液两种流体在管道横截面上的分布,从而识别水平管气液两相流流型。研究结果表明：在不影响生产的前提下,超声波流型识别方法能够准确获取水平管气液两相流流动过程中的实时流型,操作方法简便,且结果可靠。（图10,表1,参9）