哈密瓜细菌性果斑病及其防治

内蒙古巴彦淖尔盟 1991年从新疆引种种植哈密瓜 ,1996年发现细菌性果斑病 ,近几年发生严重。巴盟地区 5月上旬播种哈密瓜 ,6月上旬见到病斑 ,7月份严重。小瓜表面见不到病斑 ,大瓜上病斑清楚可见。病菌在瓜上糖后进入瓜体内部 ,侵染瓜肉 ,成熟时腐烂。气候对病害发生有较大影响 ,干旱年份发病轻 ,高温、多雨潮湿年份发病重。品种抗病性有差异 ,感病的有皇后系列、86系列 ,抗病的有西域系列和甘密宝。栽培方式对发病有影响 ,起垄栽培发病轻 ,平地栽培发病重。该病为害叶片和果实。叶部病斑圆形至多角形 ,水浸状 ,灰白色 ,后期病斑中间变薄 ,…     

吉林省西瓜蔓枯病菌对咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑敏感基线的建立和抗性监测

为明确吉林省西瓜蔓枯病菌Stagonosporopsis citrulli对咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑的抗药性水平, 本试验采用菌丝生长速率法测定了151株西瓜蔓枯病菌对这两种药剂的敏感性及两种药剂对西瓜蔓枯病菌的MIC值, 并测定了吉林省7个西瓜主产区的375株菌株对这两种药剂的抗性水平。结果表明, 供试的151株菌株对这两种药剂的敏感性频率分布均呈连续的单峰曲线, 接近正态分布; 对咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑的敏感基线分别为(0.203 0±0.135 3) μg/mL和(0.675 9±0.394 2) μg/mL; 两种药剂的最低抑制浓度MIC分别为20 μg/mL和40 μg/mL。供试375株菌株对两种杀菌剂的抗性频率均为0。本研究结果为咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑的合理用药策略提供了科学依据, 为后续其抗性风险评估奠定了基础。     

西瓜噬酸菌hpaB基因的功能研究

瓜类细菌性果斑病(Bacterial fruit blotch,BFB)是西瓜、甜瓜等葫芦科植物上的重要病害,是一种世界范围内重要的检疫性、种传病害,病原菌为西瓜噬酸菌(Acidovorax citrulli)。Ⅲ型分泌系统(type Ⅲ secretion system,T3SS)是西瓜噬酸菌致病过程中的关键毒力因子,参与调节细胞的多种生理生化反应。hpa(hrp-associated)基因是植物病原细菌Ⅲ型分泌系统hrp基因簇的重要组成部分,T3SS分泌蛋白在分泌过程中通常需要hpa基因编码的蛋白质介导,这些蛋白通常有利于植物病原细菌发挥其致病性。为了探究Ⅲ型分泌系统hpaB基因在西瓜噬酸菌致病过程中的功能,以西瓜噬酸菌Ⅱ型菌株Aac5为研究对象,构建hpaB基因缺失突变菌株及其互补菌株,并对致病力、致病相关表型以及相关基因表达量进行测定。结果表明:hpaB基因缺失后,对寄主植物西瓜和甜瓜的致病力显著减弱,并丧失了诱导非寄主烟草HR应答能力,运动能力减弱,生物膜形成能力增强。荧光定量结果表明:hpaB基因缺失后,影响T3SS相关基因及其他致病相关基因的表达。研究表明hpaB基因在西...     

Composition and structure of the martian atmosphere: preliminary results from viking 1

Results from the aeroshell-mounted neutral mass spectrometer on Viking I indicate that the upper atmosphere of Mars is composed mainly of CO(2) with trace quantities of N(2), Ar, O, O(2), and CO. The mixing ratios by volume relative to CO(2) for N(2), Ar, and O(2) are about 0.06, 0.015, and 0.003, respectively, at an altitude near 135 kilometers. Molecular oxygen (O(2)(+)) is a major component of the ionosphere according to results from the retarding potential analyzer. The atmosphere between 140 and 200 kilometers has an average temperature of about 180 degrees +/- 20 degrees K. Atmospheric pressure at the landing site for Viking 1 was 7.3 millibars at an air temperature of 241 degrees K. The descent data are consistent with the view that CO(2) should be the major constituent of the lower martian atmosphere.     

Porous, crystalline, covalent organic frameworks

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been designed and successfully synthesized by condensation reactions of phenyl diboronic acid {C6H4[B(OH)2]2} and hexahydroxytriphenylene [C18H6(OH)6]. Powder x-ray diffraction studies of the highly crystalline products (C3H2BO)6.(C9H12)1 (COF-1) and C9H4BO2 (COF-5) revealed expanded porous graphitic layers that are either staggered (COF-1, P6(3)/mmc) or eclipsed (COF-5, P6/mmm). Their crystal structures are entirely held by strong bonds between B, C, and O atoms to form rigid porous architectures with pore sizes ranging from 7 to 27 angstroms. COF-1 and COF-5 exhibit high thermal stability (to temperatures up to 500 degrees to 600 degrees C), permanent porosity, and high surface areas (711 and 1590 square meters per gram, respectively).     

番茄疮痂病生物防治研究进展

番茄疮痂病是世界范围内普遍发生的一种细菌性病害,主要为害番茄和辣椒,严重影响其产量与品质。本文综述了国内外利用植物根际促生菌(PGPR)、突变菌株(Mutant)、噬菌体(Phage)、其他生防菌及活性剂等生防因子防治番茄疮痂病的研究进展,并对该病害生物防治存在的问题和发展前景进行了探讨。     

冰核细菌对液体食品过冷却点的影响

于 2 2℃下在KB培养基上培养冰核活性细菌 (Xanthomonascampestris菌株XcIN 1) ,对数生长期离心获得的细胞冰核活性最强。该细胞在 - 3℃时能够起到冰核的作用使纯水结冰。把冰核细菌与液体食品 (如蔗糖、蛋清、牛奶、番茄汁、苹果汁、橘汁、梨汁、酱油、豆酱和食醋 )混合 ,观察其对过冷却点的影响。结果是 ,加入冰核菌使液体食品的过冷却点提高了 0 .3～ 3.7℃ ,表明在冷冻食品工业中应用细菌冰核可以节约能源并提高效率     

Evaluating processing temperature and feeding value of extruded-expelled soybean meal on nursery and finishing pig growth performance

We conducted two experiments comparing the use of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESoy) to solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) in swine diets. In Exp. 1, the objective was to determine the optimal processing temperature of EESoy for nursery pig growth performance. Pigs (n = 330, 13.2 +/- 2.3 kg of BW) were fed a control diet containing SBM with added fat or one of five diets containing EESoy extruded at 143.3, 148.9, 154.4, 160.0, or 165.6 degrees C. All diets were formulated on an equal apparent digestible lysine:ME ratio. From d 0 to 20, no differences were observed (P > 0.32) in ADG or ADFI (average of 544 and 924 g/d, respectively). However, gain:feed ratio (G/F) improved (quadratic, P < 0.01, range of 0.56 to 0.60) with increasing processing temperature, with the greatest improvement at 148.9 degrees C. In Exp. 2, the objective was to determine the feeding value of EESoy relative to SBM with or without added fat for growing-finishing pigs in a commercial production facility. A total of 1,200 gilts (initially 24.5 +/- 5.1 kg of BW) was used, with 25 pigs per pen and eight replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial, with two sources of soybean meal (SBM or EESoy) and three levels of added fat. Pigs were phase-fed four diets over the experimental period and added fat (choice white grease) levels were 0, 3.4, and 7% initially, with the added fat levels decreasing in the next three dietary phases. Energy levels were based such that the higher energy in EESoy (with or without added fat) was calculated to be equal to that provided by SBM with added fat. From 24.5 to 61.2 kg, pigs fed EESoy had greater (P < 0.07) G/F than those fed SBM. Increasing added fat in either EESoy- or SBM-based diets increased G/F (linear, P < 0.0003). From 61.2 to 122.5 kg, ADG and G/F were unaffected in pigs fed EESoy and/or increasing added fat (P > 0.10). For the overall growing-finishing period, ADG was unaffected (P > 0.61) by increasing energy density of the diet; however, ADFI decreased (P < 0.05) and G/F increased (P < 0.02, range of 0.37 to 0.40) as energy density increased with either EESoy or added fat. Carcass leanness was not affected by dietary treatment. These results indicate that EESoy should be extruded at 148.9 to 154.4 degrees C, and that increasing dietary energy density by using EESoy and/or added fat improves feed efficiency in finishing pigs reared in a commercial environment.     

Incidence of and breed-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To compare incidence of and breed-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) among 11 dog breeds (Akita, Bloodhound, Collie, Great Dane, Irish Setter, Irish Wolfhound, Newfoundland, Rottweiler, Saint Bernard, Standard Poodle, and Weimaraner). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. ANIMALS: 1,914 dogs. PROCEDURE: Owners of dogs that did not have a history of GDV were recruited at dog shows, and the dog's length and height and depth and width of the thorax and abdomen were measured. Information concerning the dogs' medical history, genetic background, personality, and diet was obtained from owners, and owners were contacted by mail and telephone at approximately 1-year intervals to determine whether dogs had developed GDV or died. Incidence of GDV based on the number of dog-years at risk was calculated for each breed, and breed-related risk factors were identified. RESULTS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Incidence of GDV for the 7 large (23 to 45 kg [50 to 99 lb]) and 4 giant (> 45 kg [> 99 lb]) breeds was 23 and 26 cases/1,000 dog-years at risk, respectively. Of the 105 dogs that developed GDV, 30 (28.6%) died. Incidence of GDV increased with increasing age. Cumulative incidence of GDV was 5.7% for all breeds. The only breed-specific characteristic significantly associated with a decreased incidence of GDV was an owner-perceived personality trait of happiness.