基于Padé模型降阶法的车辆侧倾动力学研究

为简化对车辆侧倾动力学的研究特别是对车身侧倾角的估算和控制,提出针对车身侧倾角的Padé模型降阶方法.该文首先建立了线性三自由度车辆模型,并在此基础上推导出了车身侧倾角的传递函数,由于此传递函数的高阶特性难以用于车辆侧倾动力学的计算与控制中,所以接着对所推导出的侧倾角传递函数进行降阶处理.又考虑到车身侧倾的低频特性以及Padé模型降阶法在低频区能有较好的拟合效果,该文采用Padé模型降阶法对车身侧倾角传递函数进行降阶处理.为了验证降阶后模型的有效性,从时域、频域和复域3个方面分别进行了论证,并通过Truck Sim和Matlab进行了仿真对比.结果表明降阶后的模型在低频区具有较好的逼近效果,此降阶方法可以简化对车辆侧倾动力学的研究,并可以将此降阶模型应用于车身侧倾角的估算和控制中.     

LS-SVM data mining analysis: how does biochar influence soil net nitrogen mineralization in the field?

Purpose

Biochar has been considered as a stable-carbon source for improving soil quality and long-term sequestration of carbon. However, in view of ecological environmental feedback and the tightly coupled system of carbon-nitrogen cycling, further attention has shifted to the effect of biochar on soil net nitrogen mineralization (SNNM). Recently, ecological evaluations of biochar were mostly based on laboratory incubation or pot experiments, ignoring external and uncontrollable natural factors. Therefore, the essential characteristics of local environments were not accurately described.

Materials and methods

In this paper, a nonlinear stochastic model of SNNM based on least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) was set up to study the effect of biochar on nitrogen cycling in a field experiment. In order to explore this effect in natural conditions, partial derivative (PaD) sensitivity analysis of LS-SVM was firstly proposed, evaluated by the data from a known equation, and then applied to open the “black-box” stochastic model of SNNM.

Results and discussion

Comparing with the sensitivity analysis of artificial neural networks (ANNs), the RD values of LS-SVM PaD1 algorithm were almost the same as those of ANNs PaD1 algorithm. However, the RSD values of LS-SVM PaD2 algorithm were closer to the given equation. In the SNNM model, RD values of LS-SVM PaD1 algorithm of initial nitrogen, time, and precipitation were 21, 15, and 14 %, and the biochar RD value was only 0.51 %, implying that biochar did not influence SNNM directly. However, the cumulative RSD of the PaD2 algorithm of biochar with the other factors was 15.05 %, the maximum of the interactions, implying that it could greatly enhance the tendency for SNNM by interacting with other factors.

Conclusions

PaD sensitivity analysis of LS-SVM was a stable and reliable data mining method. In the SNNM model, initial nitrogen, time, and precipitation were the main controlling factors of the SNNM model. Biochar did not directly influence SNNM; however, it could greatly enhance the tendency for SNNM by interactions with other factors by decreasing the inhibitory effect of initial nitrogen on SNNM and modifying soil condition to change the effect of other factors on SNNM.

     

保鲜处理对双孢蘑菇品质的影响研究综述

从速冻、化学试剂、包装材料、气调技术、贮藏温湿度、辐射技术等方面,综述了采后不同保鲜处理对双孢菇品质的影响。     

野生型水稻及其低硅突变体中植硅体和植硅体碳的含量与分布特征

【目的】水稻是典型的富硅植物,植硅体沉积在水稻体内可封存有机碳。本文分析不同吸硅能力基因型水稻植硅体含量、形态、分布及其固碳特征,探究水稻植硅体固碳机理。【方法】盆栽试验在浙江大学玻璃房内进行。供试材料为水稻低硅突变体Lsi1和Lsi2及其野生型,所有施肥和管理措施一致。于成熟期,取水稻地上部茎、叶、鞘样品,常规方法测定硅、植硅体、植硅体碳含量。【结果】1)不同基因型水稻体内硅含量、植硅体含量、生物量干物质植硅体碳含量存在显著差异,均表现为突变体显著低于其野生型,大小依次为Lsi1野生型> Lsi2野生型> Lsi2突变体> Lsi1突变体,Lsi1和Lsi2突变体水稻植硅体碳含量显著高于其野生型,大小依次为Lsi1突变体> Lsi2突变体> Lsi2野生型> Lsi1野生型。2)野生型水稻硅与植硅体含量为鞘>叶>茎,而突变体水稻硅与植硅体含量为叶>鞘>茎,水稻叶片中的植硅体碳与生物量干物质植硅体碳含量最高,植硅体碳含量整体分布趋势为叶>茎>鞘,生物量干物质植硅体碳含量整体变化趋势为叶>鞘>茎。3)水稻植硅体含量与硅含量之间呈极显著正相关(P <0.01),高吸硅的水稻植硅体含量高,且形成的植硅体比表面积小,表明植硅体含量及其形态受其遗传特性的影响。植硅体含量与生物量干物质植硅体碳含量之间呈极显著正相关(P <0.01),植硅体碳含量与生物量干物质植硅体碳含量之间呈极显著负相关(P <0.01),表明生物量干物质植硅体碳含量除了受植硅体含量影响,还受植硅体所包裹的有机碳浓度影响。4) Lsi1及Lsi2野生型水稻生物量、植硅体储量、植硅体碳储量显著高于其突变体。【结论】具有高吸硅能力的野生型水稻与其突变体相比,生物量、硅、植硅体、生物量干物质植硅体碳含量增加,分布不同,虽然植硅体碳含量降低,但植硅体碳储量增加。Lsi1及Lsi2野生型水稻比低硅突变体水稻具有更高的固碳潜力。     

半干旱地区果园土壤Cl-迁移积累与环境因子的关系

为揭示环境因子对果园表层土壤氯离子迁移累积的影响,为预防和改良土壤次生盐渍化提供理论指导和相关依据,研究果树生育期表层土壤不同土层氯离子的变化与环境因子（土温、土壤水分、蒸发量、降雨量、水分亏值、气温、空气相对湿度）的相互关系。结果表明：在土壤0~25cm土层的微域范围内,不同土层对氯离子的迁移与累积具有不同的功能。0~5cm土层为氯离子聚集层,10~15cm土层为氯离子传导层。认为10~15cm土层是半干旱地区环境因子对土壤性质直接作用与影响的临界深度。     

Development of an air-injection press for preventing blowout of particleboard II: improvement of board properties using small-diameter holes for air injection

An air-injection press, which has holes punched in the heating plates, injects high-pressure air through the holes of one plate into boards during press heating. The air-injection press can manufacture boards from high-moisture-content particles by controlling blowouts of the boards. In this study, boards were manufactured from particles that had a moisture content of 25% by using the air-injection press, which reduced the required pressing time. Boards manufactured by injecting air through holes of 5 mm in diameter were of poor quality with a low internal bond strength of only 0.31 MPa. When the hole diameter was reduced to 1 mm, the internal bond strength increased to 0.44 MPa. A high air-injection pressure of 0.55 MPa also resulted in improved board properties over those for boards manufactured at lower pressures. This was probably because a large amount of binder was released from boards through the 5-mm holes, together with water vapor, during air injection; the small-diameter holes reduced the release of binder, resulting in better board properties.     

兰州市南北两山雨季容器苗造林试验

在降雨稀少的兰州市南北两山进行了大规模的雨季非灌溉容器苗造林试验。通过容器规格、造林时间、不同坡向、不同株数等方面的造林试验,得出一套适合南北两山地区雨季容器苗造林技术。     

聚集化合物林间引诱测报松小蠹成虫发生期的研究

为了研究聚集化合物对松小蠹的林间引诱活性,探讨用聚集信息素进行林间诱集和种群监测的方法,在陆良县云南松纯林中进行了引诱试验.结果表明,除(-)APX*外,几种供试化合物对松小蠹均有一定的引诱效果,(-)APX加MBXT、(-)APX加MBXS复配方化合物的引诱效果明显高于其他化合物,漏斗状诱捕器诱虫量明显高于IMP诱捕器.对试验林分松小蠹种群动态的监测实践表明,用聚集化合物诱集成虫测报松小蠹成虫扬飞期,确定清理及防治的最佳时期,提高了清理、防治的针对性和准确性,具有较好的灵敏度和可靠性.     

北京平原地区公路典型绿化带降噪功能初探

[目的]选取京开高速绿化带为研究对象,定量分析交通噪声在水平空间上的衰减规律,同时探讨绿化带的宽度、群落结构对交通噪声衰减的影响,以期为平原地区高速公路绿化带的树种选择、结构优化以及修剪管理提供一定的理论依据。[方法]选择3种典型林带类型的绿化带,建立9个20 m×60 m的样地,并在每个样地内按垂直于高速公路的方向设置不同宽度梯度的监测点,在定点连续监测的基础上,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)探讨不同林带类型、不同宽度梯度之间噪声值的差异性,采用Pearson相关分析探讨绿化带结构指标和绿化衰减系数之间的相关性。[结果]表明:研究选取的3种类型绿化带的降噪功能均较好,雪松纯林的降噪能力最强。绿化带在0 10m的范围内降噪能力最强,随着宽度的增加,绿化带的降噪能力逐渐减弱。绿化带的降噪能力是由多个林分结构指标协同作用的结果,并不能仅用某一结构指标表征整个群落的降噪能力,绿化带在同一高度水平上的断面积是影响其降噪能力的一个重要综合指标。[结论]高速公路绿化带可以起到良好的降噪功能,不同林带类型绿化带的降噪能力不同。在建植时,应优先选分枝点低、分枝多、枝叶细密的植物。在城市绿地空间不足的情况下,为完全消除交通噪声对居民生活的影响,还应辅助于其它技术措施。     

环洞庭湖防护林体系四种造林模式夏季鸟类多样性初步研究

2010年7—8月对环洞庭湖区防护林四种造林模式的鸟类多样性进行调查,四种造林模式的鸟类种类分别是杉木+枫香林19种,湿地松+木荷林23种,枫香+檫木+杉木林20种,湿地松+桤木14种,通过对不同造林模式的鸟类群落的比较研究,结果表明:不同的造林模式鸟类的种类和数量有差别,并且随林龄的不同鸟类的种类和数量也不同。