进气和压缩气反吹缸内燃烧再生的柴油机微粒过滤器

设计了一种以耐高温滤袋为过滤元件的柴油机排气微粒双过滤器系统。利用柴油机工作时大量进气流的反吹过程把沉积在滤袋上的微粒(PM)送回到气缸内,辅助用压缩气体喷嘴扫描反吹方法强制把沉积的PM彻底从滤袋上分开而随进气流回到气缸中,在燃烧室内烧掉PM实现袋式过滤器再生,达到袋滤器彻底再生的目的。在一台单缸柴油机上进行了验证性试验。结果表明,袋滤器能保证82%～94%的过滤效率。在过滤时间和再生时间相等的稳定工况下,袋滤器的进、排气阻力得到彻底恢复,能增加再生后所维持的过滤时间而减少再生频率,表明进气加上压缩气体反吹过程不仅能把滤袋捕集的微粒重新送回气缸中,而且微粒能在燃烧室中烧掉实现系统有效再生。     

多喷枪协同式喷涂五轴混联机器人设计

针对大型扁平型立方体工件的喷涂工艺特点,将并联机构应用于喷涂工艺,设计了一种控制解耦性很好的五轴混联喷涂机器人,阐述了这种喷涂机器人的机构设计、工作原理、运动学分析、驱动方式、控制系统硬件组成及其控制方式。该机器人具有结构紧凑、喷涂效率高、涂层厚度均匀和操作简便等特点,具有较好的应用前景。     

禽蛋基本特性参数分析与试验

为了探讨与禽蛋大小头自动定向排列机理相关的基本特征参数分布和估算模型,测定了禽蛋的几何尺寸、质心位置、体积和质量,研究了禽蛋几何尺寸与体积、质量的关系。结果表明,禽蛋的几何尺寸和质量都呈正态分布;禽蛋质心位于禽蛋长径中点处,相对于长径与短径交点向小头侧偏移3～5 mm,质心位置称重法优于支撑法;用标准椭球体体积计算方法估算的3种禽蛋体积与实测体积相关性均在0.94以上;禽蛋质量与禽蛋估算体积的相关性优于与长径、短径、蛋形指数、禽蛋长径处椭圆面积的三元和一元线性回归,3种禽蛋质量模型的相关系数均在0.95以上。     

高静压和热处理对蘑菇多酚氧化酶的钝化动力学分析

研究了高静压处理HHP(100～1 600 MPa,0.2～25 min)和热处理(55～80℃,0.2～20 min)对双孢蘑菇多酚氧化酶(polyphenoloxidase,简称PPO)的钝化效果,并分析了钝化动力学。随着处理压力、温度的升高和处理时间的延长,钝化效果增强。在600 MPa以下压力处理后,PPO活性残存率均大于88%,表明600 MPa以下处理压力对PPO的钝化效果较差。而800、1000、1200、1400和1600 MPa压力下处理25 min,PPO活性残存率分别下降到66.42%、52.83%、27.20%、2.20%和0.01%,表明800 MPa以上压力能有效钝化蘑菇PPO。应用一级动力学模型拟合热处理对PPO的钝化动力学,各温度条件下拟合的决定系数R2都在0.960以上,表明PPO的热钝化符合一级动力学模型;应用两段式模型对HHP钝化蘑菇PPO的动力学进行拟合,决定系数R2均大于0.982,HHP钝化蘑菇PPO符合两段式钝化动力学。     

白鲢鱼糜低钠复合盐配方响应面法优化

为降低白鲢鱼糜制品中的钠盐含量,在斩拌过程中添加氯化钠、氯化钾和氯化钙3种盐类,以凝胶强度、持水性和白度为评价指标,研究三者对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响.在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Benhnken试验设计和响应面分析法得到低钠盐优化配方.结果表明,白鲢鱼糜低钠盐的最优配方为:氯化钠质量分数1.0％、氯化钾质量分数1.0％、氯化钙质量分数0.5％,其中钠盐添加量的质量分数降低至1.0％,且复合盐总添加量的质量分数仅为2.5％.此条件下,白鲢鱼糜凝胶强度达到196.50 g·cm,持水性为76.37％,白度为75.44.     

河流沉积物重金属潜在生态风险及其空间分异--以黄河包头段为例

以黄河包头段干、支流的6个站位0～20cm柱状沉积物为例,计算了分层位的重金属潜在生态风险指数,并对其进行地统计学分析和K riging插值重建,以此揭示研究尺度上潜在生态风险的空间分异。结果表明,几乎所有的层位都发生了轻微和轻微以上生态风险,排污支流站位F的风险达到中等乃至强;各站位间重金属垂向潜在生态风险在空间上有较大的变异;其中空间自相关引起的空间变异占主导地位,表明各站位重金属潜在生态危害整体的垂向空间分布结构性相对较强;空间变异比与相关尺度的对应揭示出随机部分引起的空间异质性越高,则空间自相关尺度越小;阐明了潜在风险空间分异现实存在性和进行分层计算潜在生态风险指数的必要性。     

藏药角茴香属植物药学研究概况

角茴香属主要有直立角茴香（H.erectum L.）、节裂角茴香（H.leptumHook.fet Thoms.）等,使传统的藏药植物。但其药用价值、临床应用有待于进一步深入研究。在广泛文献检索基础上,笔者对中药角茴香的化学成分、药理作用及临床应用等进展作了综述,为角茴香的利用提供了参考。     

Estimating the spatial scales of landscape effects on abundance

Context

Spatial variation in abundance is influenced by local- and landscape-level environmental variables, but modeling landscape effects is challenging because the spatial scales of the relationships are unknown. Current approaches involve buffering survey locations with polygons of various sizes and using model selection to identify the best scale. The buffering approach does not acknowledge that the influence of surrounding landscape features should diminish with distance, and it does not yield an estimate of the unknown scale parameters.

Objectives

The purpose of this paper is to present an approach that allows for statistical inference about the scales at which landscape variables affect abundance.

Methods

Our method uses smoothing kernels to average landscape variables around focal sites and uses maximum likelihood to estimate the scale parameters of the kernels and the effects of the smoothed variables on abundance. We assessed model performance using a simulation study and an avian point count dataset.

Results

The simulation study demonstrated that estimators are unbiased and produce correct confidence interval coverage except in the rare case in which there is little spatial autocorrelation in the landscape variable. Canada warbler abundance was more highly correlated with site-level measures of NDVI than landscape-level NDVI, but the reverse was true for elevation. Canada warbler abundance was highest when elevation in the surrounding landscape, defined by an estimated Gaussian kernel, was between 1300 and 1400 m.

Conclusions

Our method provides a rigorous way of formally estimating the scales at which landscape variables affect abundance, and it can be embedded within most classes of statistical models.

     

葡萄资源叶片抗炭疽病鉴定及抗病基因的QTL定位

【目的】炭疽病是葡萄的主要病害之一,极易造成大规模的病害流行,严重影响葡萄产量及品质,筛选抗病种质及挖掘抗病基因有利于葡萄抗病机制研究及抗病育种的开展。【方法】利用室内离体叶片接种法,对60份中国野生葡萄种质、122份欧亚种质、76份欧美杂种以及美人指×刺葡萄0940的F1代杂交群体进行炭疽病抗性鉴定与评价,并利用SNP标记构建的遗传图谱对炭疽病抗性进行QTL定位。【结果】经抗性鉴定,共筛选出1份高抗、43份抗病和75份中抗种质,分别占总鉴定种质的0.39%、16.67%和29.07%。以筛选出的抗病种质刺葡萄0940和感病种质美人指的杂交后代为分离群体进行QTL定位,在第8号连锁群上检测到一个与抗炭疽病相关的QTL位点,可解释14.7%的表型变异。根据QTL定位区间基因注释结果,筛选出15个抗病相关基因,推测它们在葡萄抗炭疽病中发挥一定作用。【结论】明确了不同葡萄种质的炭疽病抗性水平,定位到1个抗炭疽病QTL位点并筛选出15个抗病相关基因。     

Feeding behavior under dark conditions in larvae of sutchi catfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pangasianodon hypophthalmus</Emphasis>

Sutchi catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus hatch with morphologically immature sensory organs; however, sensory organs develop rapidly with larval growth. Two-day-old larvae commenced ingesting Artemia nauplii. The larvae displayed many taste buds on the barbels, the head surface, and in the buccal cavity. Other sense organs were also well developed at this stage. Feeding experiments revealed that 2-day-old larvae ingested Artemia under both light and dark conditions, moreover, the larvae could ingest frozen dead Artemia. The ingestion rates for 4- and 7-day-old larvae were significantly higher under dark conditions than under light conditions. The rates using frozen dead Artemia were mostly higher than the rates using live Artemia. Therefore, feeding behavior under dark conditions is most likely not mediated by visual or mechanical senses, but rather by chemosensory senses, such as taste buds. Larval fish are vulnerable to predators; thus, if they can search for and eat food at night, they can avoid diurnal predators. The behavior observed here appears to represent their survival strategy. Moreover, these results suggest a new possibility that sutchi catfish larvae can be reared under dark or dim light conditions in order to improve survival and growth rates as in the case of African catfish Clarias gariepinus.