三峡水利工程对能源植物资源的影响及可持续利用对策探索

根据三峡库区特有的地理及气候特点,分析了三峡水利工程对能源植物带来的影响,初步提出了三峡库区能源植物可持续利用的对策措施,为库区发展生物能源提供决策依据。     

绿豆生产者风险偏好影响因素实证分析

为保持绿豆生产的可持续发展,稳定绿豆生产者的风险态度,使其在生产中降低风险投入的同时增加生产效益,利用黑龙江省213户绿豆生产者的调研数据,运用有序Probit模型对黑龙江省绿豆生产者风险偏好的影响因素进行分析。结果表明:从事绿豆种植年限、绿豆市场价格、退休后继续从事绿豆种植、主粮(玉米、大豆、水稻)种植面积占比增加均对不同程度的风险态度有影响。为稳定生产者的风险态度,提出了提高生产者们对绿豆种植风险的意识水平,多渠道加强培训;鼓励达到退休年龄的生产者继续从事绿豆种植;建议国家农业相关部门提高对主要粮食作物的补贴或惠民政策标准及价格的调控等建议。     

芦笋新品种“绿丰”的选育

为选育出优质且适应性强的芦笋新品种,以"阿波罗"优选单株ap-82为母本,以"吉内姆"优选单株JH1为父本,进行杂交、分离后,经系统选育,培育出芦笋新品种"绿丰"。其植株生长旺盛,株高250cm;包头紧密,无空心、无畸形,一级笋率93%;平均单支质量37 g,平均667m~2产量640.25 kg;适宜我国南北方作白、绿芦笋栽培。     

春甘蓝新品种--黔甘1号

春甘春新品种‘黔甘１号’,叶球扁圆,结球紧实,商品外观好;单球质量１．８kg;中早熟,冬性强,露地越冬栽培不易先期抽薹且丰产;叶肉细嫩,风味品质好,经济性状优良;宜作春甘蓝栽培,也可作冬甘蓝栽培。     

人工林在生物多样性保护中的作用

综述了近年来世界人工林的发展动态以及人工林在生物多样性保护方面的最新研究进展; 从人工林与乡土森林的比较中, 表明了多数情况下人工林支持的物种多样性并不少于乡土森林植被, 同时表明了人工林已经成为一些稀有、濒危物种的重要庇护所和替代生境, 在很大程度上支持了人工林并不是生物多样性〝沙漠〞的观点; 分析了影响人工林生物多样性的因素及保护人工林生物多样性的途径。     

不同秸秆还田方式对红壤性质及花生生长的影响

通过田间小区试验研究化肥配合不同秸秆还田方式对红壤养分、生物学特性和作物生长的影响。结果表明,与其他(NPK、NPKD1、NPKD2)处理相比,氮磷钾化肥配合秸秆直接还田(NPKJG)处理土壤碱解氮降低了7.88%~31.37%,速效磷降低了7.72%~23.81%。各处理土壤脲酶活性在花生的生长期间先降低后升高,而转化酶活性先升高后降低(除NPK处理的转化酶活性持续降低外)。氮磷钾化肥配合Fe SO4促腐秸秆堆肥还田处理(NPKD2)提高了土壤脲酶活性26.14%,而配合碱渣促腐秸秆堆肥处理(NPKD1)提高了土壤转化酶活性66.13%。氮磷钾化肥配合Fe SO4促腐秸秆堆肥处理土壤微生物生物量碳含量较高,且提高了花生各农艺性状指标和产量。     

长期施用有机肥对草甸碱土碳库管理指数的影响

基于1995年在黑龙江省大庆市肇州县进行的长期定位试验,研究了长期施用有机肥对草甸碱土活性有机质和碳库管理指数的影响。采用3种浓度的KMnO₄(33,167,333mmol/L)氧化法测定了土壤高活性有机质、中活性有机质和活性有机质3部分含量。结果表明,长期施用有机肥能增加草甸碱土活性有机质各组分含量和碳库管理指数。活性有机质各组分含量和碳库管理指数在施用有机肥1~5a的处理间均呈上升的变化趋势,并与玉米产量趋势相一致,在施用有机肥第5a时,均达到最高值,施用有机肥5~16a的处理间,均呈现逐渐下降趋势,最终趋于稳定。中活性有机质和活性有机质与总有机质均达到极显著性正相关,而高活性有机质与总有机质无显著性相关,活性有机质各组分与碳库管理指数也均达到极显著性正相关。研究表明,总有机质不能很好地评价草甸碱土的土壤肥力,而中活性有机质、活性有机质和碳库管理指数能更为客观地反映草甸碱土的土壤肥力,可作为草甸碱土改良的良好评价指标。     

CO2 emission in an intensively cultivated loam as affected by long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer

A long-term field experiment was conducted to examine the influence of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on the equilibrium dynamics of soil organic C in an intensively cultivated fluvo-aquic soil in the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (Fengqiu county, Henan province, China) since September 1989. Soil CO₂ flux was measured during the maize and wheat growing seasons in 2002-2003 and 2004 to evaluate the response of soil respiration to additions and/or alterations in mineral fertilizer, organic manure and various environmental factors. The study included seven treatments: organic manure (OM), half-organic manure plus half-fertilizer N (NOM), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer PK (PK) and control (CK). Organic C in soil and the soil heavy fraction (organo-mineral complex) was increased from 4.47 to 8.61 mg C g⁻¹ and from 3.32 to 5.68 mg C g⁻¹, respectively, after the 13 yr application of organic manure. In contrast, organic C and the soil heavy fraction increased in NPK soil to only 5.41 and 4.38 mg C g⁻¹, respectively. In the CK treatment, these parameters actually decreased from the initial C concentrations (4.47 and 3.32 mg C g⁻¹) to 3.77 and 3.11 mg C g⁻¹, respectively. Therefore, organic manure efficiently elevated soil organic C. However, only 66% of the increased soil organic C was combined with clay minerals in the OM treatment. Cumulative soil CO₂ emissions from inter-row soil in the OM and NPK treatments were 228 and 188 g C m⁻² during the 2002 maize growing season, 132 and 123 g C m⁻² during the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, and 401 and 346 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in 2002-2003, respectively. However, during the 2004 maize growing season, cumulative soil CO₂ emissions were as high as 617 and 556 g C m⁻², respectively, due to the contribution of rhizosphere respiration. The addition of organic manure contributed to a 16% increase in soil CO₂ emission in 2002-2003 (compared to NPK), where only 27%, 36% and 24% of applied organic C was released as CO₂ during the 2002 and 2004 maize growing seasons and in 2002-2003, respectively. During the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, soil CO₂ flux was significantly affected by soil temperature below 20 °C, but by soil moisture (WFPS) during the 2004 maize growing season at soil temperatures above 18 °C. Optimum soil WFPS for soil CO₂ flux was approximately 70%. When WFPS was below 50%, it no longer had a significant impact on soil CO₂ flux during the 2002 maize growing season. This study indicates the application of organic manure composted with wheat straw may be a preferred strategy for increasing soil organic C and sequestering C in soil.     

快速脱水抑制葡萄干制过程中膜脂过氧化及褐变

为探索脱水速度对无核白葡萄干制过程中膜脂过氧化作用及褐变的影响,以新疆无核白葡萄为试验材料,经过葡萄促干剂处理后,采用快速脱水和缓慢脱水2种处理,质量每减轻10%进行取样,测定脱水过程中果实干基含水率、干燥速率、褐变度、细胞膜透性、丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量、脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性以及总酚含量的变化。结果表明:与缓慢脱水相比,快速脱水处理显著(P0.05)降低了无核白葡萄褐变度的上升,减少MDA生成量以及膜透性的增加,抑制LOX活性的升高,保持较高的活性氧清除酶SOD、CAT及POD活性及较高的总酚含量,且使PPO活性保持在一个较低的水平。因此认为,快速脱水可以有效地抑制无核白葡萄的膜脂过氧化作用对细胞膜的破坏,保持细胞的完整性,且PPO活性较低,从而减少无核白葡萄脱水褐变的发生。研究结果为快速脱水在无核白葡萄干制中的应用提供参考。     

用于构建双价禽流感DNA疫苗的双目的基因表达质粒的构建及鉴定

为探索构建禽流感双价或多价DNA疫苗的可行性,本研究以本实验室前期研制的禽流感DNA疫苗p CAGGopti HA5为基础[其中含有禽流感病毒(AIV)A/Goose/Guang Dong/1/96(H5N1)的HA基因],将增强型绿色荧光蛋白(eGFP)报告基因作为第二个目的基因,利用双启动子启动、内部核糖体进入位点(IRES)介导以及通过蛋白Linker编码序列连接融合表达两个目的基因的形式,构建了双启动子重组表达质粒pH5-eGFP、IRES介导的重组表达质粒pHIE以及融合表达重组质粒pH6E。并采用脂质体介导将这3种重组质粒分别转染293T细胞,通过间接免疫荧光试验和western blot方法检测HA和eGFP这两种目的蛋白的瞬时表达情况。结果显示,这3种重组质粒均能够正确表达AIV的HA蛋白和eGFP。其中pH5-eGFP表达出两个独立的目的蛋白,而且互相不影响各自的表达和细胞定位;pH6E则以融合形式表达两种目的蛋白,由于HA蛋白具有膜定位信号,所以融合蛋白主要定位于细胞膜上。本研究结果表明,双启动子表达质粒和双目的蛋白融合表达质粒适合用于构建AIV以及其他相关病原的双价DNA疫苗。