Seeded breadfruit naturalized in the Caribbean is not a seeded variety of Artocarpus altilis

In the past, phenotypic resemblances between three species and natural hybrids belonging to the genus Artocarpus were a source of confusion between individuals belonging to these taxons. Now, results of amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and morphological data concerning a great diversity of breadfruit are being published. We have considered historical data about the naturalization of breadfruit in the Caribbean, the number of seed per fruit in the seeded breadfruit cultivated in the Caribbean, and scientific knowledge about breadfruit published today. We have established that the seeded breadfruit grown in the Caribbean is in fact Artocarpus camansi Blanco (1837), recognized as a seeded wild ancestor of the domesticated breadfruit, and not a seeded variety of Artocarpus altilis [synonym Artocarpus incisa] as established by Duss (1897), still often referred to by modern authors.     

Lotusine G: a new cyclopeptide alkaloid from Zizyphus lotus

In addition to six cyclopeptide alkaloids lotusines A-F, a new compound lotusine G, was isolated from the root bark of Zizyphus lotus by centrifugal partition chromatography.     

When agroforests drive back natural forests: A socio-economic analysis of a rice-agroforest system in Sumatra

In the Krui arae, (South Sumatra, Indonesia), the damar agroforests (Shorea javanica, Dipterocarpaceae) are but one element of the farming systems which include several other cropping systems such as irrigated or rainfed rice cultivation, and coffee plantation.Rainfed rice is cultivated in forest clearings, in order to meet rice requirements which cannot be met with irrigated rice crop only. In the forest clearings, coffee stands are established in rice crop, and later, Damar are planted among coffee plants. As a result of this cropping system, the damar agroforest spreads while the forest dwindles.In one village, no more forest land is available for peasants' clearings. The resulting high land pressure causes cropping systems and farming systems to change or to be exported to neighbouring areas where forest land is still available.

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Résumé Les agroforêts à damar (Shorea javanica) ne sont qu'un élément du système d'exploitation agricole de la région de Krui, Sud Sumatra, Indonésie. Ceux-çi associent plusieurs systèmes de culture tels que la riziculture irriguée, la culture du riz pluvial et la plantation de cafeiérs.L'insuffisance des surfaces en rizières irriguées est compensée par la culture du riz pluvial, pratiquée en ladang, parcelle de forêt défrichée et brûlée. Sur les ladangs se succèdent les cultures de riz, de café puis de damar, transformant ainsi la forêt naturelle en agroforêt à damar. On assiste à l'extension continue des agroforêts au détriment de la forêt naturelle.Dans un des villages étudiés, la réserve de terres forestières communales est épuisée, déjà transformée en agroforêts. La forte pression fonçière qui en résulte induit des transformations dans les systèmes de production agricole ou incite des agriculteurs à migrer dans des régions voisines encore riches en terres forestières. Dans ces régions, les migrants reproduisent un système agroforestier très proche de celui de Krui, dans la mesure où les conditions écologiques le permettent.

     

Physiologic and blood gas effects of xylazine–ketamine versus xylazine–tiletamine–zolazepam immobilization of white-tailed deer before and after oxygen supplementation: a preliminary study

ObjectiveTo compare oxygenation and ventilation in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) anesthetized with two treatments with and without oxygen supplementation.Study designRandomized, blinded, crossover study.AnimalsA total of eight healthy adult white-tailed deer weighing 49–62 kg.MethodsEach deer was anesthetized twice intramuscularly: 1) treatment XK, xylazine (2 mg kg^–1) and ketamine (6 mg kg^–1) and 2) treatment XTZ, xylazine (2 mg kg^–1) and tiletamine–zolazepam (4 mg kg^–1). With the deer in sternal position, arterial and venous blood was collected before and at 30 minutes during administration of oxygen at 1 L minute^–1 through a face mask. PaO₂ and heart rate (HR) were compared using two-way repeated measures anova. pH, PaCO₂ and lactate concentration were analyzed using mixed-effects linear models, p < 0.05.ResultsWhen breathing air, PaO₂ was < 80 mmHg (10.7 kPa) in six and seven deer with XK and XTZ, respectively, and of these, PaO₂ was < 60 mmHg (8.0 kPa) in three and five deer, respectively. With oxygen supplementation, PaO₂ increased to 128 ± 4 and 140 ± 5 mmHg (17.1 ± 0.5 and 18.7 ± 0.7 kPa), mean ± standard error, with XK and XTZ, respectively (p < 0.001). PaO₂ was not significantly different between treatments at either time point. HR decreased during oxygen supplementation in both treatments (p < 0.001). Lactate was significantly lower (p = 0.047) with XTZ than with XK (2.2 ± 0.6 versus 3.5 ± 0.6 mmol L^–1) and decreased (p < 0.001) with oxygen supplementation (4.1 ± 0.6 versus 1.6 ± 0.6 mmol L^–1). PaCO₂ increased in XTZ during oxygen breathing.Conclusions and clinical relevanceTreatments XK and XTZ resulted in hypoxemia, which responded to oxygen supplementation. Both treatments are suitable for immobilization of white-tailed deer under the study circumstances.     

Enhancing the resistance of the potato to Southern Root-knot Nematodes by using Solanum sparsipilum germplasm

Hypersensitive resistance to RKN was observed in infested roots from ex- S. sparsipilum material hybridised with S. tuberosum in F1 and in their BC F2 progeny. This resistance acts against M. incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria and their isolates virulent against the Mi gene. It does not act against M. mayaguensis. This resistance protects the potatoes from galling on the roots and on the tubers. Like in the case of the Mi gene, this resistance decreases with high temperatures. Results from the F1 segregation confirm the hypothesis of a single dominant gene, here after called Mh. A pre-breeding program was carried out in order to cumulate both heat stable resistance and commercial traits. This program produced 48 genotypes selected for resistance and tolerance to high temperatures which were evaluated in the Souss Sahara in naturally infested conditions. Resistance was confirmed in year 2000 and 15 genotypes selected for agronomic traits in year 2001. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.