Chronology of plaggic deposits; palynology,radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating of the Posteles (NE-Netherlands)

Plaggic agriculture was the dominant land use system on Pleistocene sandy soils in Northwest Europe before the introduction of chemical fertilizers. In the today's landscape plaggic deposits are still recognizable as characteristic soils and landforms, related to this historical land use system. They are also important constituents of the soil archives in Northwest Europe. In preliminary studies of plaggic anthrosols, the reconstruction of the development of the plaggic deposits was based on palynological and historical data and radiocarbon dates. Disagreement appeared between palaeopedological and historical explanation of the evolution of plaggic anthrosols. Application of OSL dating improves the knowledge of chronology of plaggic deposits. The soil organic matrix, including pollen grains, consists of a complex mix of compounds of different ages and sources. Pollen diagrams of plaggic anthrosols show a palynological registration of the Late Holocene landscape evolution, but the palynological signal is not consequently correlated with the age of the plaggic sediments. An older soil organic matrix is suspended in the voids of a younger mineral soil skeleton.     

CX3CR1-mediated dendritic cell access to the intestinal lumen and bacterial clearance

Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are critical to innate and adaptive immunity to the intestinal bacterial microbiota. Here, we identify a myeloid-derived mucosal DC in mice, which populates the entire lamina propria of the small intestine. Lamina propria DCs were found to depend on the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 to form transepithelial dendrites, which enable the cells to directly sample luminal antigens. CX3CR1 was also found to control the clearance of entero-invasive pathogens by DCs. Thus, CX3CR1-dependent processes, which control host interactions of specialized DCs with commensal and pathogenic bacteria, may regulate immunological tolerance and inflammation.     

辐射诱变技术在农业育种中的应用与探析

辐射诱变育种是在人工控制的条件下,利用中子、质子或者射线等物理辐射诱变因素对种子进行辐照,诱发其染色体的数量、结构和行为变异,从而得到可供利用的突变体,并在此基础上进一步培育出新的种质资源的一种新兴的育种技术。本文以水稻、小麦、大豆、花卉和林木等材料所做的辐照试验为依托,综述了国内外在辐射诱变育种方面所取得的成就,分析了该技术的作用机理、特点、优势、适用范围及其发展历程,并对其发展方向和应用前景做出了展望。其主旨在于提高人们对辐射诱变育种技术在农业生产中应用的价值、意义及其前景的认识,并为该技术的进一步发展和应用提供参考与借鉴,以期促进现代化物理农业工程的发展和应用,提高人民的生活水平与质量。     

地籍管理专业课程教学模式探讨

采取传统的专业课讲授模式会降低学生解决实际问题的能力,因此,需要改革传统的专业课教学模式,以适应当今社会对大学毕业生的要求。该文从＂地籍管理＂这门专业课的教学实践出发,指出专业课程教学定位要注重培养学生学习技能,并从培养学习兴趣、引导学生学会思考、设计综合实验、应用信息技术、培养学生热情、积极的生活态度等几个方面探索了土地资源管理专业课程教学模式的构建。     

Effects of size and temperature on metabolic rate

We derive a general model, based on principles of biochemical kinetics and allometry, that characterizes the effects of temperature and body mass on metabolic rate. The model fits metabolic rates of microbes, ectotherms, endotherms (including those in hibernation), and plants in temperatures ranging from 0 degrees to 40 degrees C. Mass- and temperature-compensated resting metabolic rates of all organisms are similar: The lowest (for unicellular organisms and plants) is separated from the highest (for endothermic vertebrates) by a factor of about 20. Temperature and body size are primary determinants of biological time and ecological roles.     

Spatiotemporal patterns of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in response to a restoration of longitudinal connectivity

To examine the role of longitudinal connectivity on the spatial and temporal dynamics of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), we quantified movement and population dynamics following installation of the Landsburg Dam fishway, Cedar River, WA, USA. Mountain whitefish is widely distributed, poorly studied and not the focus of restoration. Before the fishway, mountain whitefish were not observed above the dam. Here, we focus on snorkel counts collected at reach and mesohabitat (e.g. pools) scales over 11 summers on the 20‐km above‐dam segment following restoration. A camera within the ladder provided number, size and movement timing, thereby informing on behaviour and recolonisation. Segment‐scale abundance increased following fish passage reaching an asymptote in 7 years, and mountain whitefish were detected throughout the main stem in 10 years. Annual movement through the ladder increased over time and was positively correlated with instream abundance and discharge, but negatively correlated with water temperature. About 60% of fish movements occurred in spring and early summer, potentially for foraging opportunities. Reach‐scale abundance peaked between 7 and 10 km from the dam; deep, cool (~10.6 to 11.6°C) conditions characterised these reaches. At the mesohabitat scale, mountain whitefish detection increased with depth and velocity after accounting for distance from the dam. Our results show how restoring longitudinal connectivity allowed this nontarget species to colonise newly available habitat. Their response supports the critical roles of longitudinal connectivity and environmental conditions, that manifest at different spatial scales, in dictating how freshwater fish respond to habitat disturbance.     

示波电位滴定法测定杀虫单含量

利用ＫＢｒＯ３与ＫＢｒ的反歧化反应和Ｂｒ２氧化杀虫单体系,提出示波电位滴定法测定杀虫单含量的新方法。在室温条件下,６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＨＣｌ介质中,ＫＢｒＯ３和ＫＢｒ的浓度分别为０．００４２和０．０２１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,测定杀虫单含量相对标准偏差在０．２％以内。该方法准确,操作简便,且不受颜色、沉淀等因素干扰,用于杀虫单含量测定,结果与国家标准法中的高效液相色谱法（仲裁法）和非水滴定法相差小于１％。     

Clearance of ovine isolates of Bordetella parapertussis from murine trachea and lungs

Thirty-six mice were inoculated intranasally with Bordetella parapertussis organisms (isolated from sheep with chronic non-progressive pneumonia) to study their deposition and clearance in the lower respiratory tract. The deposition of the organism was greater in the trachea than in the lungs. At 48 hours after inoculation, almost 100% of organisms were cleared from the trachea but only 55% of organisms were cleared from the lungs. This result correlates well with the morphological changes seen previously in the pulmonary parenchyma and airways of mice and lambs experimentally infected with this organism.     

添加中草药对饲料蛋白质消化率的影响

试验采用体外消化法研究添加不同剂量的两种中草药对饲料蛋白质消化率的影响.选用陈皮、山楂两种中草药,然后在体外环境下模拟猪胃肠道消化环境进行测定.结果表明:(1)添加中草药陈皮A组(0.5%)和C组(1%)的消化残渣蛋白质质量和粗蛋白质消化率与对照组相比差异极显著(P＜0.01),而B组(0.75%)与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.05).(2)添加中草药山楂D组(0.5%)、E组(0.75%)、F组(1%)三个组的消化残渣蛋白质质量和粗蛋白质消化率与对照组相比差异极显著(P＜0.01).(3)山楂的效果明显好于陈皮,且山楂添加量为0.75%时最好.