Influence of Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary treatments on mechanical properties of blue-stained Lodgepole Pine wood

Three concentrations （2.8%, 2.0%, 1.2%） of Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary （ACQ） was selected to treat Lodgepole pine wood for evaluating ACQ treatment on mechanical properties of blue-stained wood. The bending modules of elasticity （MOE）, modules of rupture （MOR）, toughness and shearing strength parallel to grain on tangential surface, are tested according to the criteria GB1927-1943-91. Non-treated sample were also tested according to the same procedure. The results showed that the three groups specimen impregnated by different concentrations of ACQ solution met the AWPA standard 2003 of America （UC4A 6.4g/cm^3）. There were significant difference of toughness between treated wood and non-treated wood （p=0.01）, but there were no statistically significant differences among three concentrations in terms of toughness, and toughness of treated wood was approximately 20% lower than non-treated. MOR, MOE as well as sheafing strength parallel to grain were found to be not significantly different between treated wood and non-treated one, and there were no statistically significant difference among three concentrations of ACQ too. Toughness, MOR, MOE and sheafing strength parallel to grain increased with decrease of concentration of ACQ, but they were hardly affected by ACQ preservatives.     

苗后除草剂喷施时期对杂草防治及冬油菜产量和品质的影响

为了探究苗后除草剂不同施用时期对北方冬油菜田间杂草的防控效果及其对冬油菜生长、产量和品质的影响,以当地主栽甘蓝型冬油菜天油2266和白菜型冬油菜天油H614为试验材料,选用对冬油菜安全的苗后除草剂高效氟吡甲禾灵,设置4个喷施时期处理,于2018-2019年开展大田试验。结果表明,越冬后不同时期喷施苗后除草剂,甘蓝型冬油菜田间杂草总数较对照减少57.54%~92.56%,杂草总鲜重较对照降低75.40%~97.48%,第2时期（3月25日）处理产量较对照增加354.50kg/hm²;白菜型冬油菜田间杂草株防效和鲜重防效分别为55.91%~92.02%和37.17%~97.46%,产量较对照增加2.29%~16.77%。因此,在冬油菜大量返青但未封行前施用苗后除草剂,可显著防控田间杂草并增加冬油菜籽粒产量。     

Farm Forestry Prospects Among Some Local Communities in Rachuonyo District,Kenya

Deforestation and degradation of productive lands are serious threats to the sustainability of forestry/agricultural practices in Kenya. In the last two decades farm forestry (FF) has been promoted through pilot projects among local communities as an example of sustainable land use. However adoption of FF is limited outside the project locations because FF improvement measures focused mainly on biological (e.g. succession, biodiversity and traditional industrial timber production) and technical concerns (e.g. material input delivery such as providing free tree seedlings for field planting) rather than local values, and interests and the constraints facing farmers. This study examined the local farm priorities and constraints and the prospects for the wider implementation of farm-level tree planting in four communities in Rachuonyo District. Using interviews with 597 randomly selected household heads, the study assessed farmer’s production assets and activities, land tenure, priority tree species and the constraints to growing trees on farms. Results show that farm labour is represented by a young population, 56.3% under the age of forty. They are mainly engaged in small-scale mixed cropping integrated with multipurpose trees and some livestock. Tree products contribute about 32% to household cash income, more than any other source (agricultural products, labour sales, etc). Females were more often household heads and had considerable influence over productive activities, making them an important target group in FF development. Farmers preferred exotic tree species due to their ability to provide short-term cash income, fuel and shade. Farmers’ concerns included population pressure on limited farmlands and the problem of credit for agricultural inputs. Given the feeling of secured tenure arrangement and influence of tree products on the household economy, farmers are likely to invest more in efficient land uses such as FF if consideration is given to local priorities.     

Using leaf tip necrosis as a phenotypic marker to predict the presence of durable rust resistance gene pair <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lr34</Emphasis>/<Emphasis Type="Italic">Yr18</Emphasis> in wheat

Fifty wheat varieties along with Jupateco-73 and Morocco were studied for the expression of leaf tip necrosis (LTN), a trait linked with the durable rust resistance gene pair Lr34/Yr18. LTN was frequent (i.e., ≥6) in nine replications of a field experiment over 3 years in 17 genotypes, and the varieties were considered positive for LTN. In molecular analyses of these varieties, having relative severity values up to 78 for yellow rust and 45 for leaf rust, the 150-bp Lr34/Yr18-linked allele was consistently amplified. Expression of LTN in six of nine replications is an appropriate threshold for predicting the presence of Lr34/Yr18 gene pair, and genotypes can be selected using this trait.     

滴灌频次对化学脱叶棉花产量和品质影响机制的研究

为了明确脱叶效果较好且产量较高的滴灌频次,研究了不同滴灌频次对化学脱叶棉花土壤含水率、叶绿素荧光参数、脱叶效果及产量品质的影响。试验结果表明,滴灌频次7次（D7）处理为棉花生育后期提供较适宜的土壤含水量且有效调节20~40cm土层的土壤水分,调节化学脱叶棉花叶片荧光参数和产量,适当降低光合活性,促进棉花脱叶率与吐絮率增长,且降低挂枝率16.12%~24.95%,从而使产量增加7.61%~15.99%,同时纤维长度和纺织一致性分别增加了1.91%~3.87%、4.58%~14.72%。因此,滴灌频次为7次（D7）更适宜南疆化学脱叶的等行距机采棉种植。     

14-3-3蛋程中的互作靶蛋白鉴定及其对外源激素的响应

【目的】籽粒灌浆对水稻产量及品质的形成至关重要。14-3-3蛋白是一种信号转导调节因子,在植物生长发育中发挥着重要调控作用。本研究通过分析14-3-3蛋白家族在籽粒灌浆过程中的基因表达模式及其互作靶蛋白,从而揭示其在籽粒灌浆过程中的功能。【方法】利用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）技术分析水稻14-3-3基因家族在籽粒灌浆过程中的表达变化模式,并从中选取GF14b及GF14e进行后续的蛋白功能分析。利用KEGG数据库对GF14b及GF14e蛋白功能motif位点进行分析;构建GST-GF14b及GST-GF14e表达载体,利用亲和层析技术分别钓取籽粒中与GF14b及GF14e互作的靶蛋白,并借助LC-MS/MS对靶蛋白进行鉴定。采用GST pull-down方法验证靶蛋白与GF14b及GF14e间的蛋白互作关系。利用Kinasephos在线程序对靶蛋白的Ser和Thr磷酸化位点进行预测;采用MapMan 3.6.0软件对靶蛋白的功能及参与的代谢过程进行分析。在籽粒灌浆期（花后15 d）,分别喷施25×10^-6mol·L^-1 ABA,10×10^-6mol·L^-1 IAA,100×10^-6mol·L^-1 GA,50×10^-6mol·L^-1 ZR和 2×10^-4mol·L^-1 BR,研究外源激素处理对籽粒灌浆过程中GF14b,GF14e及其互作靶基因表达的影响。【结果】14-3-3家族基因中,除GF14h外,其余7个家族成员在水稻籽粒中均有表达,其中GF14b及GF14e在籽粒灌浆过程中的表达水平较高且变化幅度较大。通过蛋白序列分析发现,GF14b与GF14e间具有3个相同,2个差异的motif功能位点。通过亲和层析试验,在籽粒中共鉴定到59个与GF14b和72个与GF14e互作的靶蛋白,其中有43个靶蛋白与2个成员均有互作,分别有16个和29个靶蛋白与GF14b和GF14e特异结合。随机选取2个靶蛋白进行体外蛋白互作验证,结果表明靶蛋白SUS3与GF14b和GF14e均存在互作关系,而靶蛋白PSA仅与GF14e有相互作用关系,验证了亲和层析结果的准确性。蛋白功能的分析表明,GF14b和GF14e通过与靶蛋白的结合,共同参与了籽粒灌浆过程中蔗糖转化、淀粉合成、糖酵解、TCA循环等碳代谢途径。同时,GF14b及GF14e还具有特异的调控功能,其中GF14b与核酸代谢及物质转运密切相关,而GF14e与C1代谢中的关键蛋白存在互作。此外,大部分靶蛋白均鉴定到具有潜在的Ser和Thr磷酸化位点。外源激素处理下,籽粒中GF14b和GF14e上调表达,而与淀粉合成代谢相关的靶基因（SUS2、 AGPS、AGPL、PPDK2、SBE）大部分呈下调表达的趋势。【结论】14-3-3基因家族成员GF14b和GF14e在水稻籽粒灌浆过程中的表达变化幅度较大,且会响应激素浓度的改变,并通过蛋白互作的形式负调控淀粉合成代谢相关基因的表达,从而对水稻籽粒淀粉的合成起到重要的调控作用。     

Rice <Emphasis Type="Italic">terpene synthase 18</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">OsTPS18</Emphasis>) encodes a sesquiterpene synthase that produces an antibacterial (<Emphasis Type="Italic">E</Emphasis>)-nerolidol against a bacterial pathogen of rice

Plant volatile compounds, including terpenes, are known to be involved in the rice defense system. In the present analysis of a terpene synthase, OsTPS18, in rice, we found that OsTPS18 was localized in the cytoplasm and synthesized the sesquiterpenes (E)-nerolidol and (E)-β-farnesene. The amounts of (E)-nerolidol and (E)-β-farnesene increased after jasmonic acid (JA) treatment. (E)-Nerolidol had significant antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). These results suggest that (E)-nerolidol plays an important role in JA-induced resistance against Xoo and that it functions as an antibacterial compound in rice.     

Identification of favorable alleles in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">non</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">yellow coloring 1</Emphasis> gene by association mapping in maize

Association mapping was conducted to explore favorable alleles of the chlorophyll-related non-yellow coloring 1 (NYC1) gene under light and dark using an association panel of 146 maize inbred lines. A total of 14 polymorphic sites were identified to be significantly associated with at least one of the chlorophyll-related traits at the seedling stage. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (S320, S2951, S3901, and S3355) from the NYC1 gene were respectively strongly associated with chlorophyll b (chlb), the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b (chl_ratio), chlorophyll a degradation (chla_deg), and total chlorophyll degradation (total_chl_deg). SNPs S320 (C/A) in exon 1, and S2951 (A/G) in intron 8 was related to chlb, with 6.01 and 8.89% of phenotypic variation under light treatment, respectively. Under dark treatment, SNP S3901 (C/T), located in 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), was associated with chl_ratio, explaining 7.01% of the observed phenotypic variation, whereas SNP S3355 (C/G) in intron 9 explained 6.48 and 5.18% of phenotypic variations in chla_deg and total_chl_deg, respectively. Taken together, these results indicated that the NYC1 gene plays an important role in chlorophyll content and other related traits, and different sites act on chlorophyll metabolism under different light intensities in maize seedlings. Furthermore, these findings improve our understanding of the genetic basis of chlorophyll metabolism under different light conditions.     

生物质微米燃料富氧燃烧特性分析

采用热重分析法对生物质微米燃料在不同体积分数氧条件下的燃烧特性进行研究,结果表明:随着氧体积分数的增加,生物质微米燃料的挥发分初析出温度、着火温度和燃尽温度不断降低,可燃性增强;平均和最大质量损失速率呈增加趋势,提高了燃烧强度.燃烧特性指数随着氧体积分数的增加而变大,当氧体积分数达到60%后,改善趋势变缓.     

水稻白叶枯病抗性研究进展

白叶枯病是世界水稻重要病害之一,且已成为研究植物和病原菌互作的模式,对该病的研究对其它病害有借鉴意义。目前已鉴定出29个抗白叶枯病基因,其中17个基因被定位到染色体上,4个基因已被克隆,在这些工作的基础上,已通过分子标记辅助选择和转基因方法育成了一些抗病新品系,展示了水稻抗白叶枯病分子育种的广阔前景。