武夷山不同海拔光皮桦种群遗传多样性及其与生态因子的相关性

运用RAPD技术,对现存于武夷山国家级自然保护区内4个不同海拔光皮桦天然种群共91个基因株的遗传多样性进行分析.18个10碱基随机引物共扩增出199条清晰的条带,种群平均多态位点百分比(PPL)为60.05%,Nei's基因多样性指数(h)为0.224 2,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.318 1;不同种群遗传变异水平随海拔差异呈规律性变化,表现为沿海拔升高而呈由高到低的分布;在物种水平上光皮桦具有较高的遗传多样性(PPL=87.44%,h=0.344 2,I=0.489 9),种群间的遗传分化系数Gst=0.348 6.利用AMOVA软件对遗传变异的等级剖分结果表明,种群问有显著的遗传分化,约1/3的遗传变异存在种群间,种群内占2/3.Pearson相关分析表明,光皮桦种群内遗传多样性与海拔、气候因子(年均温和年降水)、土壤养分(全氮、碳氮比、有机质含量)之间存在极显著或显著的相关关系.Mantel检验结果显示,光皮桦种群间遗传距离与海拔差距、土壤养分因子的分异相关显著.以上结果表明不同海拔区域的生态因子、低基因流等对光皮桦种群间的遗传分化影响较大.     

用水稻微卫星引物进行竹子分子系统学研究初探

竹子和水稻在进化上有较近的亲缘关系 ,本文利用水稻的微卫星引物对竹子的分子系统学进行了初步研究。与传统的分类结果不同 ,研究发现巴山木竹属是与青篱竹属相关属分化较大的 1个竹种 ,同时也证实了巴山木竹属作为 1个单独的属是成立的。研究也明确了茶秆竹的分类学位置。本研究从 1个不同的层面对青篱竹属相关属及属下一些竹种的关系提供了 1个新的研究结果 ,为利用现代分子生物学技术对广义青篱竹属的系统学研究提供了 1个借鉴。同时本研究对开展竹子的分子生物学研究提供了 1个崭新的思路和方法     

环境再生产与森林生态效益补偿

1　立论的着力点林业发展过程中 ,生态与经济的矛盾、森林利用与环境保护之间的矛盾、国家利益与森林经营者个人利益之间的矛盾、生态系统恢复和森林可持续经营过程中巨大的资金需求与供给严重不足的矛盾随处可见 ,上述矛盾相互交织已经严重影响到林业产业的健康发展 ,影响到森林资源的有效保护和生态环境的维持与改善。因此 ,综合采取技术、经济、管理、法律等手段从根本上解决生态环境保护和建设中所带来的矛盾和困难已经刻不容缓。其中建立森林生态效益补偿制度 ,理顺和协调森林所有者、经营者与受益者的利益关系 ,为林业发展提供稳定的…     

冀北土石山区天然次生林山杨、白桦种群的空间分布格局

分析冀北土石山区典型天然次生阔叶林中的山杨、白桦种群的径级结构、空间分布格局及种内/种间的空间关联。结果表明:山杨、白桦均以中径木为主,林下缺乏可供更新的幼苗、幼树,种群呈现衰退趋势;山杨、白桦的全部个体在本研究尺度上呈聚集分布,随尺度的增大其聚集强度先增大后减小,并趋于随机分布;山杨、白桦种群随龄级增大,聚集强度减小,以幼树的聚集强度最大;不同生长阶段同种个体间的关联性随尺度的变化,出现正关联、负关联和相互独立的空间关系,以负关联为主;不同生长阶段的山杨和白桦种群间未出现正关联,大多数种对在本研究尺度上为负关联或者在大部分尺度上为负关联;山杨、白桦的种内/种间竞争激烈,群落整体结构不稳定,处于演替初期向中期过渡阶段。     

Inheritance and detoxification enzyme levels in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis> Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) strain selected with chlorpyrifos

Changes in insecticide susceptibilities and detoxifying enzyme activities were measured in a strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch following repeated exposure to the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos. Twelve consecutive selection at the LC₆₀ of the parental strain increased resistance from 8.58 to 91.45 fold. The interaction of some synergists [piperonyl butoxide, triphenyl phosphate and S-benzyl-O,O-diisopropyl phosphorothioate (IBP)] with chlorpyrifos was analyzed in the selected strain. Solely IBP showed a low synergistic effect with chlorpyrifos. The selected strain also demonstrated resistance against abamectin, propargite, clofentezine and fenpyroximate. The mode of resistance inheritance to chlorpyrifos was found to be incompletely dominant, and not sex-linked. Non-specific esterase enzyme activity was raised from 19.35 to 33.59 mOD/min/mg proteins during the selection period and it was observed that esterase band intensities visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis increased. This study has investigated the selection of resistance to chlorpyrifos and documented resistance to abamectin, propargite, clofentezine and fenpyroximate in Turkish T. urticae. Esterase enzymes may be playing a role in chlorpyrifos resistance while glutathione S-transferase (GST) and P450 enzymes do not appear to have any significant involvement.     

Positive nitrogen balance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia mangium</Emphasis> woodlots as fallows in the Philippines based on <Superscript>15</Superscript>N natural abundance data of N<Subscript>2</Subscript> fixation

Nitrogen inputs from biological nitrogen fixation contribute to productivity and sustainability of agroforestry systems but they need to be able to offset export of N when trees are harvested. This study assessed magnitudes of biological nitrogen fixation (natural ¹⁵N abundance) and N balance of Acacia mangium woodlots grown in farmer’s fields, and determined if N₂ fixation capacity was affected by tree age. Tree biomass, standing litter, understory vegetation and soil samplings were conducted in 15 farmer’s fields growing A. mangium as a form of sequential agroforestry in Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. The trees corresponded to ages of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 years, and were replicated three times. Samples from different plant parts and soils (0–100 cm) were collected and analyzed for δ¹⁵N and nutrients. The B-value, needed as a reference of isotopic discrimination when fully reliant on atmospheric N, was generated by growing A. mangium in an N₂-free sand culture in the glasshouse. Isotopic discrimination occurring during N₂ fixation and metabolic processes indicated variation of δ¹⁵N values in the order of nodules > old leaves > young leaves > stems > litterfall and roots of the trees grown in the field, with values ranging from −0.8 to 3.5‰ except nodules which were enriched and significantly different from other plant parts (P < 0.0001). Isotopic discrimination was not affected by tree age (P > 0.05). Plants grown in N free sand culture exhibited the same pattern of isotopic discrimination as plants grown in the field. The estimated B-value for the whole plant of A. mangium was −0.86‰. Mature tree stands of 12 years accumulated up to 1994 kg N ha⁻¹ in aboveground biomass. Average proportion of N derived from N₂ fixation of A. mangium was 54% (±22) and was not affected by age (P > 0.05). Average yearly quantities of N₂ fixed were 128 kg N ha⁻¹ in above-ground biomass amounting to 1208 kg N fixed ha⁻¹ over 12 years. Harvest of 12-year old trees removed approximately 91% of standing aboveground biomass from the site as timber and fuel wood. The resulting net N balance was +151 kg N ha⁻¹ derived from remaining leaves, twigs, standing litter, and +562 kg N ha⁻¹ when tree roots were included in the calculation. The fast growing A. mangium appears to be a viable fallow option for managing N in these systems. However, other nutrients have to be replaced by using part of the timber and fuel wood sales to compensate for large amounts of nutrient removed in order for the system to be sustainable.     

Achieving food and nutritional security through agroforestry: a case of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Faidherbia albida</Emphasis> in sub-Saharan Africa

Faidherbia albida is an ideal agroforestry tree commonly intercropped with annual crops like millet and groundnuts in the dry and densely populated areas of Africa. With its peculiar reverse phenology, it makes growth demands at a different time from that of crops. In addition, it deposits great amount of organic fertilizer on food crops. Leaves entering soils are comparable to fertilization of almost 50 t·ha 1 ·year 1 of manure in dense stands of 50 large trees per ha. These nutrients help maximize agricultural production and reduce the need for a fallow period on poorer soils. Research has shown that millet grown under F. albida yielded 2.5 and 3.4 fold increases in grain and protein, respectively. Animals eat pods which contain mean amounts of crude protein of 20.63% and carbohydrate of 40.1% in seeds. Moreover, the continued existence of F. albida in agroforestry parklands as in Ethiopia and Mali signifies the success of traditional conservation measures. Modern scientists have also developed much interest in the role of agroforestry in maintaining long-term biological balance between agriculture and livestock production systems. To ensure food security, which still remains a major challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, and concurrently minimize environmental degradation, promotion of agroforestry that specifically involves indigenous trees is crucial. We discuss the prospective role of F. albida in alleviating poverty while simultaneously protecting the environment from factors associated with, for example, deforestation and loss of biodiversity. The overall aim is to promote wide-scale adoption of F. albida as a valuable tree crop in farming systems, particularly in those areas where it remains unexploited.     

Evaluating the durability of wood-based panels using internal bond strength results from accelerated aging treatments

In this study, the durability of wood-based panels was evaluated by comparing the internal bond (IB) strength retention after five different laboratory-based accelerated aging tests with the IB retention after 5 years of outdoor exposure in Shizuoka City. In each accelerated aging test, the IB retention of MDI-bonded panels showed high retention compared to other panels. Outdoor exposure in Shizuoka City resulted in an IB retention value for particleboard (PF) and oriented strandboard (aspen) of less than 10% after the 5-year exposure period. Medium-density fiberboards maintained their initial IB strength over the same period. Calculation of the mean IB retention for all board types allowed comparison of the severity of aging between the accelerated test methods and outdoor exposure. The ASTM six-cycle test method was the most severe among the standard treatment cycles applied.     

落叶松小径木异型锯材的干燥均匀度

由于森林资源总体质量的下降,木材生产中小径木所占比例越来越大。小径木因其径级小、材质不稳定等缺点,使用受到限制。如何充分开发和高效利用小径木资源,成为当前国内外学者普遍关注的问题。目前,小径木大多作为木片、造纸和人造板的原料,这种利用方式投资大、产品单一、资金回收慢、经济效益低。而将小径木经过优化选材、优化设计和优化工艺的方法,加工成集成材、重组木等,可改善或提高小径木材质,克服径级小、利用单一的缺点,满足市场对木材的旺盛需求。     

长白山自然保护区保护效果评价

利用生活型谱、物种丰富度Margalef指数和多样性Simposon指数,对长白山自然保护区北坡海拔800～1000m的阔叶红松林1963年和2006年的主林层与林下草本植物组成及多样性进行对比分析,评价该区保护措施的效果,为科学管理规划保护区提供科学依据。1963—2006年,禁止砍伐等保护措施的实施,基本保存了乔木层的相对稳定,主林层物种组成和多样性变化不显著。但保护区对人类林下活动控制管理不力:红松籽掠夺式的采收活动影响了红松的种源更新;采集野菜、中草药和打松籽等人类生产活动对林下植被干扰破坏较大。草本层丰富度和多样性显著下降,地面芽植物和地上芽植物的物种数和相对物种数比例都降低。提议加强自然保护区内管理和规划,改变生物多样性减少的趋势,实现生物资源的可持续利用。