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991.
To acquire epidemiological data on the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and identify cattle persistently infected (PI) with this virus, 4,327 samples from Holstein dairy cows were screened over a four-year period in Beijing, China. Eighteen BVD viruses were isolated, 12 from PI cattle. Based on genetic analysis of their 5''-untranslated region (5''-UTR), the 18 isolates were assigned to subgenotype BVDV-1m, 1a, 1d, 1q, and 1b. To investigate the innate immune responses in the peripheral-blood mononuclear cells of PI cattle, the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors, interferon-α (IFN-α), IFN-β, myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 (MX1), and interferon stimulatory gene 15 (ISG15) was assessed by qPCR. When compared with healthy cattle, the expression of TLR-7, IFN-α, and IFN-β mRNA was downregulated, but the expression of MX1 and ISG-15 mRNA was upregulated in PI cattle. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that the expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and IRF-7 was lower in PI cattle than in healthy cattle. Thus, BVDV-1m and 1a are the predominant subgenotypes in the Beijing region, and the strains are highly divergent. Our findings also suggest that the TLR-7/IRF-7 signaling pathway plays a role in evasion of host restriction by BVDV.  相似文献   
992.
The 90 chickens were randomly divided into control group, E.necatrix one time infection group and E.necatrix two times infection group.We used duplex PCR method to test the expression changes of HSP-90 mRNA in intestinal tissue of chickens infected with E.necatrix and researched the effects of it comprehensively and systematically.The results were showed that after 0 to 14 days the expression of HSP-90 mRNA in intestinal tissues of 14-day-old chickens infected with E.necatrix presented a upward trend though it was lower than the control chickens.These chickens were infected with E.necatrix again at 28 days, HSP-90 mRNA expressions of duodenum, jejunum and ileum decreased and then increased.However, it always showed a downward trend in appendix.When 28 days chickens were infected with high-does E.necatrix once, HSP-90 mRNA expressions of duodenum, jejunum and appendix were in a declining curve.While it was increased originally and then decreased in ileum.This study indicated that HSP-90 mRNA expressions in intestinal tissue of chickens infected with E.necatrix were inhibited at first, and the expression quantity was closely related to the degrees of intestinal tissue damage.  相似文献   
993.
The coevolutionary interaction between cuckoos and their hosts has been studied for a long time, but to date some puzzles still remain unsolved. Whether cuckoos parasitize their hosts by laying eggs randomly or matching the egg morphs of their hosts is one of the mysteries of the cuckoo problem. Scientists tend to believe that cuckoos lay eggs matching the appearance of host eggs due to selection caused by the ability of the hosts to recognize their own eggs.In this paper, we first review previous empirical studies to test this mystery and found no studies have provided direct evidence of cuckoos choosing to parasitize host nests where egg color and pattern match. We then present examples of unmatched cuckoo eggs in host nests and key life history traits of cuckoos, e.g. secretive behavior and rapid egg-laying and link them to cuckoo egg laying behavior. Finally we develop a conceptual model to demonstrate the egg laying behaviour of cuckoos and propose an empirical test that can provide direct evidence of the egg-laying properties of female cuckoos. We speculate that the degree of egg matching between cuckoo eggs and those of the host as detected by humans is caused by the ability of the hosts to recognize their own eggs, rather than the selection of matching host eggs by cuckoos. The case of Common Cuckoos(Cuculus canorus) and their parrotbill hosts(Paradoxornis alphonsianus), where it has been shown that both have evolved polymorphic eggs(mainly blue and white), was used to develop a conceptual model to demonstrate why cuckoos should utilize parrotbill hosts by laying eggs randomly rather than laying eggs matching the appearance of host eggs.In conclusion, we found no evidence for the hypothesis that cuckoos lay eggs based on own egg color matching that of the parrotbill-cuckoo system. We argue theoretically that laying eggs matching those of the hosts in this system violates a key trait of the life history of cuckoos and therefore should be maladaptive.  相似文献   
994.
为了优选锥栗中总黄酮的超声提取工艺条件,以乙醇体积分数、提取时间、液固比为试验因素,以锥栗总黄酮的提取率为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用星点设计–效应面法(CCD-RSM),对锥栗总黄酮的提取工艺条件进行了优化试验。结果表明,锥栗总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为:80%乙醇,超声提取20min,固液比为24,提取温度为50℃。按此工艺提取,总黄酮的提取率为0.0685%;且此方法操作简便,结果稳定,预测性良好。  相似文献   
995.
新疆是我国最大的棉花产区,种植面积和产量均居全国首位。棉花秸秆作为棉花主要的副产物,是一种重要的农业可再生资源,如何合理高效利用是目前亟待解决的问题。本文概述了新疆棉花秸秆的资源现状、利用方式和存在的问题,并提出了发展方向和对策,旨在为提高棉花秸秆的利用率、增加棉花种植户收益、推动棉花秸秆多元化综合利用提供参考,同时为促进新疆棉花产业提质增效和可持续发展提供新思路。  相似文献   
996.
The degradation mechanism of cyanidin 3-rutinoside in the presence of (-)-epicatechin and litchi pericarp polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was investigated using several model systems. The enzymically generated (-)-epicatechin o-quinone could induce cyanidin 3-rutinoside degradation. The results obtained in this study allowed us to propose a pathway for cyanidin 3-rutinoside degradation in the presence of (-)-epicatechin and litchi pericarp PPO. First, enzymatic oxidation of (-)-epicatechin produced the corresponding o-quinone, and then cyanidin 3-rutinoside and (-)-epicatechin competed for (-)-epicatechin o-quinone, resulting in degradation of cyanidin 3-rutinoside and regeneration of (-)-epicatechin. Moreover, the results of kinetic studies indicated this competition was influenced by both (-)-epicatechin concentration and cyanidin 3-rutinoside concentration in the model system.  相似文献   
997.
青海海北高寒湿地近地层大气CO_2浓度的变化特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用快速响应红外气体分析仪对青海海北高寒湿地大气CO2浓度进行连续监测,分析2004年CO2浓度变化特征表明,CO2浓度存在明显的日、季变化,日、年内均表现“U”型变化特征。这些变化与植被生理活动、土壤呼吸、大气逆温层、及湍流交换强度等有关。自1月到7月CO2浓度的日变化过程中,日最高值出现时间在日出前后的5:00到9:00,并随7月的到来逐渐提早,日出后下降,约在下午15:00左右为最低,日落后又逐步升高。7月以后日最高值出现时间随时间推移又滞后,最低提早。一年中,月平均浓度最低值出现在7月份,最高值则在10月。观测表明,2004年海北高寒湿地CO2年平均浓度为315.3μmol/mol,月平均最高为335.0μmol/mol(10月),月平均最低值为270.1μmol/mol(7月)。统计海北高寒湿地旬平均CO2浓度与气象因素线性相关关系表明,海北高寒湿地CO2浓度与大多数气象因子有显著的负相关关系,但与土壤温度、气压、相对湿度等的相关关系不明显。  相似文献   
998.
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), have become serious pests of cotton and vegetable crops in China since the early 1990s. In recent years, however, B. tabaci have broken out more frequently and widely than have T. vaporariorum. The B. tabaci biotype B has also developed higher resistance to several insecticides. Here, the effects of four different host plants on the insecticide susceptibility of B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum have been compared. The LC(50) values of imidacloprid, abamectin, deltamethrin and omethoate in T. vaporariorum reared on cucumber were significantly higher than those in B. tabaci (the LC(50) values in T. vaporariorum were respectively 3.13, 2.63, 2.78 and 6.67 times higher than those in B. tabaci). On the other hand, the B. tabaci population reared on cotton was more tolerant to all four insecticides tested than the T. vaporariorum population from the same host, especially to abamectin (up to 8.4-fold). The effects of the four host plants on the activity of carboxylesterase (CarE) in B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum were also compared. The results showed that, although the CarE activity of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum varied depending on the host plants, the B. tabaci population possessed significantly higher CarE activity than the T. vaporariorum population reared on the same host plant. This was especially so on cucumber and cotton, where the CarE activities of the B. tabaci population were over 1.6 times higher than those of T. varporariorum. The frequency profiles for this activity in B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum populations reared on same host plant were apparently different.  相似文献   
999.
为了解挠力河自然保护区内不同作物类型退耕还湿地浮游植物群落结构的差异,于2020年7月选取了大豆、玉米、水稻3种作物类型的退耕还湿地共8个样点进行浮游植物调查,并分析浮游植物同环境因子的关系。结果表明:研究样地共鉴定出浮游植物137种,其中绿藻门种类最多(40.15%),其次为硅藻门(22.63%)、裸藻门(16.06%)、蓝藻门(13.14%)。3种作物类型的退耕还湿地之间浮游植物群落结构(种类数、丰度、生物量、多样性指数)差异不显著。水质指标、浮游植物优势种及丰度说明退耕湿地水质处于重度污染状态和富营养化状态。RDA分析显示,退耕湿地浮游植物主要受化学需氧量的影响。  相似文献   
1000.
为揭示田面水的氮素浓度动态特征并探讨其快速检测方法,于2018年水稻生育期对稻田田面水的氮素浓度、常规水质参数进行原位监测。结果表明,水稻生育期内,人工栽秧稻田田面水的TN和NH4+-N浓度在施基肥后1周分别迅速降至4.03 mg/L和3.02 mg/L,至下次施肥前变化趋于平稳,TN和NH4+-N在追肥后2 d到达峰值,1周左右趋于平稳,机插秧稻田田面水的氮素动态特征与人工栽秧基本一致。基肥期田面水的TN和NH4+-N从峰值随时间的衰减趋势近似符合指数衰减规律,人工栽秧和机插秧稻田田面水的TN浓度在基肥期峰值出现后2周内衰减幅度分别为62%和72%,NH4+-N的衰减幅度分别为80%和83%。以DO、EC、pH、ORP为自变量,TN为因变量,得到了多元线性回归模型,为服务于稻田田面水氮素流失风险的监测和管理,按照GB 18918—2002中TN的限值15 mg/L(一级A标准)和GB 3838—2002中TN的限值2 mg/L(Ⅴ类)对TN的排放进行分级,得到模型预测的准确率为80%,基本满足水环境管理的需求。  相似文献   
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