Pressure correction to the long-term measurement of carbon dioxide flux

Fluctuations in atmospheric CO₂ density can arise from static pressure fluctuations but their effect on the long-term eddy covariance (EC) CO₂ flux measurement is poorly known. In this paper, we report the results of a 1-year direct measurement of the static pressure fluctuations and the velocity-pressure covariance over a mixed forest in Northeast China. The results show that the pressure-vertical velocity covariance was primarily controlled by friction velocity and air stability. Without the pressure correction, the open-path EC measurement of the nighttime ecosystem respiration was biased low and that of the daytime photosynthetic CO₂ uptake was biased high. Over the 1-year measurement period, the cumulative pressure correction was 40 gCm⁻², which was about 20% of the annual net ecosystem production of this forest. Using the friction velocity data found in the literature, we estimated the magnitudes of the pressure correction for the major ecosystem types in the long-term global EC network (FluxNet).     

Transfer of Cd, Pb, and Zn to water spinach from a polluted soil amended with lime and organic materials

Purpose

The transfer of heavy metals from soil to crops comprises several steps, including soil-to-root and subsequent root-to-shoot tranfer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the different steps of soil-to-crop transfer of Cd, Pb, and Zn.

Materials and methods

This study was carried out with a greenhouse pot experiment using a soil polluted with Cd, Pb, and Zn which was amended with rice straw, pig manure, sheep dung, or peat, with and without lime. Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) was used as the test crop and was grown after a season of rice cultivation.

Results and discussion

The results showed that all the amendments promoted the root-to-shoot transfer of Cd, Pb, and Zn. The soil-to-root transfer factors (TFs) of Pb and Zn tended to increase with increasing available Pb and Zn in the soils, while no clear relationship between the TF of Cd and available soil Cd was observed. The root-to-shoot TF of Cd, Pb, and Zn tended to decrease with increasing available amounts in the soils and were negatively correlated with the concentrations of the metals in the roots (r _Cd?=?0.820, r _Pb?=?0.789, r _Zn?=?0.769).

Conclusions

The soil-to-root transfer of Cd, Pb, and Zn was significantly different from the root-to-shoot transfer. The soil-to-root transfer was mainly influenced by the amount of available metal in soil, whereas the root-to-shoot transfer was mainly controlled by the concentrations of the metals in the root.     

烟叶烘烤微机FUZZY控制系统的研究

提出了烟叶烘烤生产中温、湿度调节的双输入双输出FUZZY控制规则,利用加权因子的方法较好地解决了过程中的耦合问题。此方法在8031单片计算机上得以实现,系统运行结果表明:各项指标均达到设计要求,是我国烟叶烘烤的一大技术突破。     

地膜覆盖对土壤中N2O释放的影响

研究地膜覆盖下土壤中N₂O释放可为进一步探明膜下土壤中N₂O的传输、消耗和排放到大气的动力学过程提供理论依据。在2001年3月至6月和2001年10月至2002年6月连续两个冬小麦生长季，采用静态漏斗法和揭膜—封闭箱法测定了地膜覆盖下耕层5、10、20 cm土层处和地表处N₂O的释放特征及相应土壤性质。结果表明：地膜覆盖下，地表和耕层10、20 cm土层处N₂O释放通量显著增加；0～5 cm土层土壤水分和10～20 cm土层土壤硝态氮的浓度的变化分别解释了休闲地和冬小麦地土壤中N₂O释放通量85.23%和92.11%的变异，它们是膜下休闲地和冬小麦地土壤中N₂O释放通量增加的主要原因。该结论对地膜覆盖下科学地控制农田水分、养分以及地膜覆盖在中国西北地区的科学使用和推行具有实际意义。     

Glycoalkaloids and metabolites inhibit the growth of human colon (HT29) and liver (HepG2) cancer cells

As part of an effort to improve plant-derived foods such as potatoes, eggplants, and tomatoes, the antiproliferative activities against human colon (HT29) and liver (HepG2) cancer cells of a series of structurally related individual compounds were examined using a microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The objective was to assess the roles of the carbohydrate side chain and aglycon part of Solanum glycosides in influencing inhibitory activities of these compounds. Evaluations were carried out with four concentrations each (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 microg/mL) of the the potato trisaccharide glycoalkaloids alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine; the disaccharides beta(1)-chaconine, beta(2)-chaconine, and beta(2)-solanine; the monosaccharide gamma-chaconine and their common aglycon solanidine; the tetrasaccharide potato glycoalkaloid dehydrocommersonine; the potato aglycon demissidine; the tetrasaccharide tomato glycoalkaloid alpha-tomatine, the trisaccharide beta(1)-tomatine, the disaccharide gamma-tomatine, the monosaccharide delta-tomatine, and their common aglycon tomatidine; the eggplant glycoalkaloids solamargine and solasonine and their common aglycon solasodine; and the nonsteroidal alkaloid jervine. All compounds were active in the assay, with the glycoalkaloids being the most active and the hydrolysis products less so. The effectiveness against the liver cells was greater than against the colon cells. Potencies of alpha-tomatine and alpha-chaconine at a concentration of 1 microg/mL against the liver carcinoma cells were higher than those observed with the anticancer drugs doxorubicin and camptothecin. Because alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, and alpha-tomatine also inhibited normal human liver HeLa (Chang) cells, safety considerations should guide the use of these compounds as preventative or therapeutic treatments against carcinomas.     

麦茬稻壮秧稀植最化指标与配套技术

对麦茬稻进行了品种、密度、育秧、施肥、喷剂试验。结果表明，壮身稀植与高穗重品种、N素V字施肥是统一的。提出高产理想株型、稀植程度和产量结构，肯定了湿润育秧方式，证实了N、P、K、Zn配合、施Si、喷胆碱复合物和水稻微肥的增产作用。     

黄瓜根部施用化学物质对其霜霉病诱导抗性的研究

分别用几种化学物质从黄瓜幼苗子叶期开始进行根部诱导，结果表明，在自然病原激发病害试验和在人工接种病原激发病害试验中，经苯酚、脲素、无水对氨基苯磺酸和氯化钾诱导的黄瓜植株病株率和病叶率下降显著。对可产生诱导免疫效果的化学物质分析发现，氨类和苯类物质及钾的氯化物与黄瓜叶片对霜霉病的抗性有极为密切的关系。     

针型电容法测量谷物含水率的研究

采用针型电容传感器和测量电路,并采取减小介质损耗的有效措施,研制了测量谷物含水率的针型电容法。实验结果表明,在谷物含水率与输出电压间具有良好的线性关系。该方法具有较高灵敏度、稳定性和良好的动态特性,完全可以满足谷物含水率的测量要求,为谷物含水率的准确、快速和在线测量提供了一种有效的方法。     

热处理条件对番茄采后冷害的影响

研究了绿熟番茄采后在３３℃和３８℃加热２，５，８ｄ及２±１℃下冷藏后的果实品质、冷害程度和生理变化。结果表明，适宜的热处理可降低果实呼吸强度、细胞膜电解质渗出率和丙二醛含量，增加游离脯氨酸含量，减轻果实冷害，且对果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量无显著影响。其中以处理温度时间组合３３℃、５ｄ和３８℃、２ｄ的效果最好；３３℃、２ｄ的处理温度较低、时间较短，因而效果不明显；８ｄ的处理时间过长，使细胞受到伤害，丙二醛含量和细胞膜电解质渗出率增加，果实明显变软，出现异味。番茄果实的冷害指数（ＣＩＩ）与细胞膜电解质渗出率呈正相关，相关系数ｒ＝０．９７４４。