Studies on the persistency of carbaryl residues in fruit

Summary The paper deals with studies on the dynamics of Carbaryl residue loss on apples, plums and peaches.The initial toxicant deposit ranges between 8 and 13 ppm on peaches, 2, 3 and 3, 4 ppm on apples and up to 1.5 ppm on plums. According to the dynamics of Carbaryl residue loss on fruit results a rest period of 2 days for plums, 7 days for apples and 21 days for peaches, on admitting a 2 ppm tolerance.

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Zusammenfassung Unter Berücksichtigung der Witterungsbedingungen wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Abbaus von Carbaryl-Rückständen bei Äpfeln, Pflaumen und Pfirsichen untersucht. Die anfängliche Höhe der Rückstände betrug bei Pfirsichen zwischen 8 und 13 ppm, bei Äpfeln 2,3 und 3,4 ppm und bei Pflaumen bis zu 1,5 ppm. Wird eine Toleranz von 2 ppm zugrundegelegt, ergibt sich entsprechend der Abbau-Geschwindigkeit von Carbaryl bei Früchten eine Wartezeit von 2 Tagen bei Pflaumen, 7 Tagen bei Äpfeln und 21 Tagen bei Pfirsichen.

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Resume On présente de données sur la dynamique de la dégradation des résidus de Carbaryl sur pommes, prunes et pêches. Le résidu initial atteint 8–13 ppm chez les pêches, 2,3–3,4 ppm chez les pommes et 1,5 ppm chez les prunes.De cette dynamique de la dégradation des résidue sur fruits il résulte que pour les prunes l'intervalle de pause de deur jours, pour les pommes de 7 jours et pour les pêches de 25 jours dans les conditions climatiques de Roumanie.

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Presented at the Congress of Chemistry in Agriculture, Bratislava, Sept. 1969.     

The Effects of Sample Size on the Outcome of Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation

Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue is known to affect follicular survival. Several variables may be responsible for this. Little attention has focused on the effect of the size of the fragment to be cryopreserved. This study was conducted to assess the effect of the size of the tissue on follicular histology after freezing with 1,2-propanediol. Histological evaluations were performed of control and cryopreserved tissue. Fragments were cut 10 × 3 × 2 mm³ (2 mm group) or 10 × 3 × 4 mm³ (4 mm group). Percentages of normal follicles in control fragments cut into 2 and 4 mm slices were 56% and 34%, respectively. The relative risks to obtain normal follicles in the 2 mm and the 4 mm fragments after cryopreservation were 0.63 and 0.47, respectively. Freezing reduced follicle survival to a significantly greater extent in the larger tissue fragments. There is an increased risk of damage to primary and primordial follicles, when the tissue slices are cut with all dimensions larger than 2 mm.     

Culturing and molecular methods to assess the infectivity of porcine circovirus from treated effluent of swine manure

Samples were collected at the effluent of two swine manure treatment systems and were analyzed by qPCR to determine the presence and amounts of porcine circovirus (PCV2) genetic material. ST cells were inoculated with the positive samples to evaluate virus viability and for viral genotyping. Twenty-five water samples were collected monthly from treated effluent (March 2009 to December 2010). The PCV2 genome was identified by qPCR in 60% of the samples, and all of the positive samples were able to infect ST cells in vitro. Positive samples were genotyped and 60% of them were positive for both PCV2a and PCV2b, 20% were positive for genotype 2a, and 20% were positive for genotype 2b. Our results suggest that these viruses were able to resist the regular wastewater treatment, and this finding demonstrates the necessity of adding a virus inactivation step to the treatment system to guarantee the safety of water reuse.     

Environmental conditions and isozyme polymorphism in Chenopodium album L.

Electrophoretic variations within four enzyme systems (α-esterase, acid phosphatase, malate dehydrogenase and leucine amino peptidase), were studied for various garden and field populations of Chenopodium album. A correlation was found between the degree of polymorphism for the electrophoretic traits and environmental conditions. The amount of phenotypic polymorphism is very high in gardens, intermediate in an untreated and, low in herbicide-treated fields and nil for a triazine resistant population in a maize (Zea mats L.) monoculture. Furthermore, the tetraploid versus hexaploid ratio is higher within garden populations. Higher variability in garden populations is due, in part, to a high proportion of polymorphic phenotypes, and in part to a low effect of selection pressure in such types of habitat. Although there is a difference between phenotypes of populations from acid soils and those from more basic ones, we cannot be sure that the variation of polymorphism is due only to selection.     

Verfrühung von Süßkirschen unter geschlossener Folie

The sweet cherry cvs. ‘Burlat’, ‘Earlise’, ‘Samba’, ‘Souvenir’, and clone M, all with early ripening, large, dark, red-black fruit, were cultivated at a spacing of 3.80x1.75 m under complete rain cover in a whole orchard at the Klein-Altendorf Research Station near Bonn, Germany during April and May 2004. Under such cover, these sweet cherry trees flowered 6–13 days earlier and their fruit ripened 12–19 days earlier than those from uncovered control trees, indicating shorter or enhanced fruit development and maturation in up to 1 week. The cover proved insufficient for frost protection at night, despite increased daytime air and soil temperatures (by as much as 15°C and 5°C, respectively). Trickle irrigation was used to overcome loss of soil moisture due to the rain cover. Burlat leaves grown under this cover were thinner and softer and contained less chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll than the leaves of uncovered control trees, without limiting photosynthesis. In contrast, the chlorophyll content of clone M leaves grown under cover equalled that of uncovered controls. Three of the five cvs. employed developed fruit mass of 9–15 g (25–33 mm fruit diameter). Three-year-old sweet cherry trees on dwarfing GiSelA 5 rootstocks were more vigorous than those without cover and produced 3–4.5 kg fruit per tree. The cover had no adverse effect on fruit colouration. The cherries grown under cover were slightly smaller, softer, with attractive colouration, and tasted better due to increases in both sugar and acidity, with sugar:acid ratios of 25–30:1.     

Plutonium-fission xenon found in Earth's mantle

Data from mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses indicate that the short-lived radionuclide plutonium-244 that was present during an early stage of the development of the solar system is responsible for roughly 30 percent of the fissiogenic xenon excesses in the interior of Earth today. The rest of the fissiogenic xenon can be ascribed to the spontaneous fission of still live uranium-238. This result, in combination with the refined determination of xenon-129 excesses from extinct iodine-129, implies that the accretion of Earth was finished roughly 50 million to 70 million years after solar system formation and that the atmosphere was formed by mantle degassing.