壳聚糖的主要生理功能及其在动物生产中的应用

壳聚糖及其衍生物已成为近年来国内外研究的热点。主要是因为壳聚糖在医药、食品、化妆品、农业及环保等方面具有广泛的应用前景．特别是壳聚糖生物保健品具有对人体有益的功效．已被欧美各国誉为除蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、纤维素和矿物质之外人体所需的另一种营养素。我国对甲壳素资源的开发也越来越受重视．并取得了不少成果。近年来的研究表明,     

肽聚糖在非特异性免疫中的信号作用

非特异性免疫在动物机体抵抗有害微生物感染中发挥着重要作用。对有害病原体的检测和清除是生物体生存必需的。肽聚糖(Peptidoglycan,PGN)作为一种绝大多数细菌细胞壁的重要成分,在宿主识别和刺激相应免疫应答过程中起到关键信号作用。本文主要论述PGN在动物机体非特异性免疫系统中引起的信号传导过程和这一过程中主要的信号蛋白;介绍PGRPs蛋白家族和最新发现的Nods蛋白家族。     

Hepcidin对机体铁稳态的平衡调节作用

Hepcidin是最近发现的一种由肝脏分泌的小分子抗菌肽,能抑制某些细菌和真菌生长繁殖,是机体“天然免疫”的重要效应分子;同时Hepcidin可调控小肠铁吸收、单核巨噬细胞系统铁释放和母胎间铁的转运。机体铁状况、贫血、缺氧和炎症可调控Hepcidin的表达,Hepcidin的表达还受转录因子(如C/EBPα)的调控,Hepcidin表达量病理增加可引起贫血症。了解Hepcidin及其在铁代谢中的作用,可作为治疗血色病和炎症引起贫血的新手段。     

C─乙酰化反应合成乙酰基异长叶烯研究

以异长叶烯和醋酐为原料，经乙酰化反应合成乙酰基异长叶烯。选择了较理想易得的催化剂，考察了不同物料配比，不同的反应温度、时间、投料顺序等因素对产物得率和香气质量的影响，确定了适宜的工艺条件，为乙酰基异长叶烯生产实验提供了可靠的依据。     

北方寒区玻璃幕墙的应用

作者针对北方寒冷地区玻璃幕墙在建筑中的节能要求,结合自己的工作经验对结构处理、质量通病等一系列防治措施进行了详细的分析。     

不同酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能的影响

研究在玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮中添加不同的复合酶对肉鸡生产性能的影响。试验为两个:试验一设正对照组(处理1),负对照组1(处理2),负对照组1 酶R 200 mL·t-1(处理3),负对照组1 酶H 100 mL·t-1 (处理4)。试验二设正对照组(处理1),负对照组2(处理5),负对照组2 酶A 100 g·t。。(处理6),负对照组2 酶B 150g·t-1(处理7),负对照组2 酶C 150 g·t-1(处理8)。两个试验采用同一正对照组,共8个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复30只鸡,共用1 920只1日龄健康艾维茵肉公鸡。饲粮分1～21和22～42日龄两个阶段,负对照饲粮1在正对照组饲粮基础上降低代谢能0.34 MJ·kg-1、总氨基酸1.50%,其余营养水平保持一致;负对照饲粮2在正对照组饲粮基础上降低代谢能0.42MJ·kg-1、总氨基酸2.00%、磷0.12%、钙0.10%,其余营养水平保持一致。结果表明,在降低饲粮代谢能0.34 MJ·kg-1、总氨基酸1.50%的玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮中添加复合酶R或H未表现出相应的促生长效果;在降低代谢能0.42 MJ·kg-1、总氨基酸2.00%、磷0.12%、钙0.10%的玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮中添加复合酶A或B或C有改善肉鸡生长性能的趋势,达到正对照饲粮效果。     

Effects of ascites syndrome in broilers on their growth performances and the availability of energy and nutrients

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of ascites syndrome (AS) on the growth performance and availability of dietary energy and nutrients in broilers. One hundred and twenty one-day-old avian broilers were randomly allotted into two groups (control group and test group) with six replications of ten birds. In the test group, the addition of 3,3,5-triiodothyronine (T₃, 1.5 mg/kg diet) and low ambient temperature (LAT) were used to induce AS. Results showed that T₃ and LAT could successfully induce AS in broilers with an incidence rate of 66.7% and a mortality rate of 23.3%. Compared with the control, the bird growth performance of the test group was decreased (P < 0.05) and heart index was increased (P < 0.05). For the test group, the availability of dietary energy (P < 0.01), crude fat (P < 0.01), crude protein (P < 0.05), and most amino acids in the second week were lower compared with the control group. Results showed that the low availability of energy and nutrients and the poor growth resulted from the high AS incidence rate. Translated from Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University, 2005, 23(4): 461–465 [译自: 四川农业大学学报]     

种鸡维生素营养对种蛋孵化性能的影响

种鸡维生素营养不仅影响其产蛋性能,也影响蛋中维生素的沉积,进而影响种蛋孵化性能。文章就种鸡维生素营养影响蛋中维生素沉积、种蛋受精率、孵化率、健雏率的相关研究进行了总结,论述了种鸡维生素营养对种蛋孵化性能影响的程度和方式。     

饲粮添加脂肪酶对肉鸡生长性能及养分利用率的影响

本试验旨在研究低能饲粮中添加脂肪酶对肉鸡生长性能及养分利用率的影响。试验分为前期(1~21 d)、后期(22~42 d)2个阶段,并采用2×2+1因子完全随机设计,分别为正对照(PC,饲粮能量前期12.13 MJ/kg,后期12.76 MJ/kg)、负对照1(NC1,饲粮能量在PC基础上降低210 kJ/kg)和负对照2(NC2,饲粮能量在PC基础上降低420 kJ/kg),以及在NC1和NC2基础上添加200 g/t脂肪酶(1 000 U/kg脂肪酶),每个处理6个重复,每个重复22只鸡。结果表明:1)与PC相比,NC1 22~42 d料重比(F/G)有提高趋势(P<0.10),屠宰率及全净膛率显著降低(P<0.05);NC2 42 d体重(BW)、22~42 d和1~42 d体增重(BWG)有降低趋势(P<0.10),22~42 d F/G有提高趋势(P<0.10),1~21 d及1~42 d F/G显著提高(P<0.05),表观代谢能(AME)显著降低(P<0.05)。2)与负对照相比,NC1+脂肪酶有提高半净膛率和粗脂肪(EE)表观利用率的趋势(P<0.10);NC2+脂肪酶有降低1~21 d F/G、提高EE表观利用率的趋势(P<0.10)。3)NC1+脂肪酶和NC2+脂肪酶各阶段BW、BWG、F/G及AME与PC无显著差异(P>0.05),各处理采食量差异不显著(P>0.05)。双因素分析显示,脂肪酶有提高42 d BW、22~42 d和1~42 d BWG及干物质表观利用率的趋势(P<0.10),显著降低了22~42 d和1~42 d F/G(P<0.05),有降低1~21 d F/G的趋势(P<0.10),显著提高了EE表观利用率(P<0.05)。由此可知,饲粮能量分别降低210和420 kJ/kg后,不同程度降低了肉鸡后期及全期BW和BWG,提高了各阶段F/G。在低能饲粮中添加1 000 U/kg脂肪酶能够显著改善后期及全期F/G,从而改善肉鸡BW和BWG,且NC2+脂肪酶的效果优于NC1+脂肪酶。     

Dietary methionine source and level affect hepatic sulfur amino acid metabolism of broiler breeder hens

A study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary methionine source and level on plasma free amino acids patterns and the expression of genes involved in hepatic methionine metabolism in broiler breeders. A total of 2184 broiler breeders were assigned to 13 dietary treatments, with eight replicates per treatment. The 13 treatments included one control group and 12 additional treatments employing two sources and six levels (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 1.00%). Higher plasma methionine concentration was measured for DL‐methionine (DLM) treated hens. Plasma alanine concentration was linearly increased as DLM or 2‐hydroxy‐4‐(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMTBA) supplementation level increased. There was a linear increase in concentrations of tyrosine, valine, glycine and serine as dietary DLM supplementation level increased. Hens treated with DLM had higher relative expression of ADA than those fed HMTBA. The expression of MS, ADA, SAHH and MAT2A changed quadratically as HMTBA supplementation level increased, while the expression of GNMT and SAHH changed quadratically as DLM supplementation level increased. In conclusion, the effects of HMTBA on plasma free amino acid patterns and the expression of hepatic genes involved with methionine are different from DLM.