Seaweed Polysaccharides (Laminarin and Fucoidan) as Functional Ingredients in Pork Meat: An Evaluation of Anti-Oxidative Potential,Thermal Stability and Bioaccessibility

The anti-oxidative potential of laminarin (L), fucoidan (F) and an L/F seaweed extract was measured using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, in 25% pork (longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL)) homogenates (TBARS) (3 and 6 mg/mL) and in horse heart oxymyoglobin (OxyMb) (0.1 and 1 mg/mL). The DPPH activity of fresh and cooked minced LTL containing L (100 mg/g; L₁₀₀), F₁₀₀ and L/F_100,300, and bioaccessibility post in vitro digestion (L/F₃₀₀), was assessed. Theoretical cellular uptake of antioxidant compounds was measured in a transwell Caco-2 cell model. Laminarin displayed no activity and fucoidan reduced lipid oxidation but catalysed OxyMb oxidation. Fucoidan activity was lowered by cooking while the L/F extract displayed moderate thermal stability. A decrease in DPPH antioxidant activity of 44.15% and 36.63%, after 4 and 20 h respectively, indicated theoretical uptake of L/F antioxidant compounds. Results highlight the potential use of seaweed extracts as functional ingredients in pork.     

Assessing the incidental value of a marine reserve to a lemon shark Negaprion brevirostris nursery

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Review of the current situation for Solanum elaeagnifolium in the Mediterranean Basin

Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium, Cav.) is one of the important invasive plant species in Mediterranean Basin countries. Over the last 60 years, this plant has gone from a few accidental introductions to near monospecific populations in many areas of the Mediterranean Basin (in particular Greece and Morocco). Recent findings from Lebanon show that the invasion is ongoing. Solanum elaeagnifolium has a negative impact on crops, causing up to 75% yield loss, as well as an indirect impact by harbouring plant pests and diseases. Solanum elaeagnifolium is toxic to livestock and has a negative affect on the quality of life for humans. Losses of potential resource or revenue caused by its invasion include: decreased forage quality on grazing lands; decreased cropping land and amenity values of public space; increased water loss; increased water conveyancing costs; and increased forest restoration costs. Available control techniques need to be strengthened to reduce the impact of S. elaeagnifolium and prevent its spread. More attention needs to be devoted to biological control, which could provide regional management of this invasive alien plant. Sustainable management of S. elaeagnifolium will require coordination, education and support across the affected countries. Governments must have the means to detect, manage and control S. elaeagnifolium.     

The Role of Gluten Proteins in the Baking of Arabic Bread

Fractionation and reconstitution/fortification techniques were utilised to study the role of gluten in Arabic bread. Glutens from two wheat cultivars of contrasting breadmaking quality were fractionated by dilute HCl into gliadin and glutenin. Gluten, gliadin and glutenin doughs from the good quality flour had higher G ′ and lower tan δ values than those from the poor quality flour at all the frequencies examined. Interchanging the gliadin and glutenin fractions between the reconstituted flours showed that the glutenin fraction is largely responsible for differences in the breadmaking performance. Fortification of an average quality flour with the gliadin and glutenin fractions from the poor and good quality flours, at the levels of 1% and 2% (protein to flour mass), induced marked differences in the mechanical properties of bread. The resilience of the loaves was not adversely affected by the addition of gliadins and increased, with a concomitant significant (p<0·05) improvement in quality, at the 2% level of fortification with gliadins from the good quality flour. Addition of glutenin resulted in loaves with leather-like properties that became particularly apparent at the higher level of fortification; the observed deterioration in quality paralleled the increase in the elastic character of the doughs. It is suggested that highly-elastic doughs are not compatible with the rapid expansion of gases at the high-temperature short-time conditions employed in the baking of Arabic bread and that there exists a threshold in dough elasticity beyond which a rapid decline in quality takes place.     

Determining nugget:sill ratios of standardized variograms from aerial photographs to krige sparse soil data

Maps of kriged soil properties for precision agriculture are often based on a variogram estimated from too few data because the costs of sampling and analysis are often prohibitive. If the variogram has been computed by the usual method of moments, it is likely to be unstable when there are fewer than 100 data. The scale of variation in soil properties should be investigated prior to sampling by computing a variogram from ancillary data, such as an aerial photograph of the bare soil. If the sampling interval suggested by this is large in relation to the size of the field there will be too few data to estimate a reliable variogram for kriging. Standardized variograms from aerial photographs can be used with standardized soil data that are sparse, provided the data are spatially structured and the nugget:sill ratio is similar to that of a reliable variogram of the property. The problem remains of how to set this ratio in the absence of an accurate variogram. Several methods of estimating the nugget:sill ratio for selected soil properties are proposed and evaluated. Standardized variograms with nugget:sill ratios set by these methods are more similar to those computed from intensive soil data than are variograms computed from sparse soil data. The results of cross-validation and mapping show that the standardized variograms provide more accurate estimates, and preserve the main patterns of variation better than those computed from sparse data.     

Microbial and nematode communities associated with potatoes genetically modified to express the antimicrobial peptide magainin and unmodified potato cultivars

The antimicrobial peptide magainin II has activity against a range of micro-organisms. Tubers harvested from potatoes genetically modified (GM) to express a synthetic magainin gene show improved resistance to the bacterial pathogen Erwinia carotovora. The microbial and nematode communities associated with three magainin-expressing potato lines, their near-isogenic, unmodified parental cultivar (Iwa) and an unrelated cultivar (Karaka) were investigated on field-grown plants. Heterotrophic plate counts were used to enumerate aerobic culturable bacterial and fungal populations, while cultivation-independent analysis of bacterial communities was based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from community DNA from phyllosphere, rhizosphere and geocaulosphere (tuber surface) samples. Small but statistically significant differences in the population sizes of culturable bacteria, fungi and yeast were detected among some GM magainin-expressing lines and the unmodified control. However, these differences were typically smaller than the differences between the unmodified parental line control (Iwa) and the unrelated cultivar control (Karaka). Similarly, the difference in the proportion of the nematode population belonging to the fungal feeding trophic group between Iwa and Karaka was greater than that amongst Iwa and its near-isogenic GM lines, and was significantly so for the genus Aphelenchus. The nematode channel ratio (NCR) indicated a more fungal-dominated decomposition channel in soil beneath Karaka compared to Iwa at harvest. In general, eubacterial phylloplane communities were similar for all lines, while the rhizosphere communities associated with two of the three GM lines differed from communities associated with their unmodified parental line control. When roots were senescent, there was no significant difference among potato lines in rhizosphere eubacterial communities or individual trophic groups of the nematode community. Greater diversity was found in geocaulosphere; α-proteobacteria and actinomycete communities of two of the three GM lines differed significantly from their unmodified parental line control and the unrelated cultivar control, while the communities associated with the third GM line were more similar to those of the two control lines. This highlights the importance of testing several GM lines when assessing non-target effects. Results suggest that there is little likelihood of any major sustained non-target effect of genetic modification using a magainin II transgene on plant-associated and soil microflora and function.     

Editorial note for the special issue: ECPA 2017

Precision Agriculture -     

First report of cyromazine resistance in a population of UK house fly (Musca domestica) associated with intensive livestock production

BACKGROUND: House fly control in livestock‐rearing facilities is heavily reliant on the use of the larvicide cyromazine. While extensive use of this compound has led to the development of resistance in several countries, no elevated tolerance has so far been reported from the United Kingdom. RESULTS: Tolerance to cyromazine in larvae derived from a field strain collected at an intensive pig unit was significantly elevated over that of insects taken from a susceptible laboratory strain. Resistance factors (RFs) of 2.9 and 2.4 were returned for assays initiated with eggs and neonate larvae respectively. The RF for field strain larvae exposed from neonate increased significantly to 3.9 and 5.6 following rounds of selection at 1.0 and then 1.5 mg kg^?1 cyromazine. CONCLUSION: Low‐level resistance to cyromazine in UK house flies is reported here for the first time. The geographic extent of this resistance is unknown but, if widespread, may lead to control failures in the future, and indicates that careful stewardship of this compound in the United Kingdom is now required. © Crown copyright 2010. Reproduced with permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.