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171.
Rana Kobayashi Kentaro Nagaoka Naomichi Nishimura Satoshi Koike Eiki Takahashi Kimie Niimi Harutaka Murase Teruo Kinjo Takamitsu Tsukahara Ryo Inoue 《Animal Science Journal》2020,91(1)
Fecal microbiota in seven different monogastric animal species, elephant, horse, human, marmoset, mouse, pig and, rat were compared using the same analytical protocol of 16S rRNA metagenome. Fecal microbiota in herbivores showed higher alpha diversity than omnivores except for pigs. Additionally, principal coordinate analysis based on weighted UniFrac distance demonstrated that herbivores and pigs clustered together, whereas other animal species were separately aggregated. In view of butyrate‐ and lactate‐producing bacteria, predominant genera were different depending on animal species. For example, the abundance of Faecalibacterium, a known butyrate producer, was 8.02% ± 3.22% in human while it was less than 1% in other animal species. Additionally, Bifidobacterium was a predominant lactate producer in human and marmoset, while it was rarely detected in other omnivores. The abundance of lactate‐producing bacteria in herbivores was notably lower than omnivores. On the other hand, herbivores as well as pig possess Fibrobacter, a cellulolytic bacterium. This study demonstrated that fecal microbiota in herbivorous animals is similar, sharing some common features such as higher alpha diversity and higher abundance of cellulolytic bacterium. On the other hand, omnivorous animals seem to possess unique fecal microbiota. It is of interest that pigs, although omnivore, have fecal microbiota showing some common features with herbivores. 相似文献
172.
Sugi T Kato K Kobayashi K Kurokawa H Takemae H Gong H Recuenco FC Iwanaga T Horimoto T Akashi H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(10):1377-1379
Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) target analog-sensitive kinases, which the genomes of mammals rarely encode. Previously, we demonstrated that a BKI effectively suppressed the in vitro replication of Toxoplasma gondii, the causative pathogen of toxoplasmosis, by targeting T. gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (TgCDPK1) (Eukaryotic Cell, 9: 667-670). Here, we examined whether the BKI 1NM-PP1 reduced parasite replication in vivo. A high dose of 1NM-PP1, by intraperitoneal injection, just before the parasite inoculation effectively reduced the parasite load in the brains, livers, and lungs of T. gondii-infected mice, however, a low dose of 1NM-PP1 with oral administration didn't change the survival rates of infected mice. 相似文献
173.
Kikuchi M Nakano Y Nambo Y Haneda S Matsui M Miyake Y Macleod JN Nagaoka K Imakawa K 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2011,57(2):203-211
A factor responsible for progression to pregnancy establishment in the mare has not been definitively characterized. To identify factors possibly involved in the establishment of equine pregnancy, the endometrium was collected from day 13 (day 0=day of ovulation) cyclic and day 13, 19 and 25 pregnant animals. From initial subtractive hybridization studies, a calcium regulating factor, Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) mRNA, was found as a candidate molecule expressed uniquely in the pregnant endometrium. Endometrial expression of STC1 mRNA was noted on day 19 and was markedly increased in the day 25 gravid endometrium. STC1 protein was found in the extracts of day 25 gravid endometrium and immunochemically localized in the uterine glands. In addition, STC1 protein was detected in uterine flushing media collected from day 25 pregnant mares. High concentrations of estradiol-17 β (E(2)) were detected in day 25 conceptuses. E(2) levels were much higher in the gravid endometrium than in other regions, whereas progesterone levels did not differ among the samples from different endometrial regions. Expression of STC1 mRNA, however, was not significantly upregulated in cultured endometrial explants treated with various concentrations of E(2) (0.01-100 ng/ml) with or without 10 ng/ml progesterone. These results indicate that an increase in STC1 expression appears to coincide with capsule disappearance in the conceptus, and suggest that STC1 from the uterine glands likely plays a role in conceptus development during the pregnancy establishment period in the mare. 相似文献
174.
Yoshii K Mottate K Omori-Urabe Y Chiba Y Seto T Sanada T Maeda J Obara M Ando S Ito N Sugiyama M Sato H Fukushima H Kariwa H Takashima I 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(3):409-412
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a zoonotic agent causing severe encephalitis in humans. Rodent species that are potential hosts for TBEV are widely distributed in various regions in Japan. In this study, we carried out large-scale epizootiological surveys in rodents from various areas of Japan. A total of 931 rodent and insectivore sera were collected from field surveys. Rodents seropositive for TBEV were found in Shimane Prefecture in Honshu and in several areas of Hokkaido Prefecture. These results emphasize the need for further epizootiological and epidemiological research of TBEV and preventive measures for emerging tick-borne encephalitis in Japan. 相似文献
175.
In an attempt to explore the functioning of nitric oxide (NO) in pancreatic exocrine cells, we have recently obtained several lines of circumstantial evidence indicating that one of molecular targets of NO is phospholipase C (PLC), the activation of which leads to an increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) via inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate, IP3. However, whether IP3 is actually produced by NO has not yet been substantiated. The present study was therefore designed to directly measure the intracellular IP3, concentration ([IP3]i) for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms with the help of pharmacological tools. [IP3]i was measured using a fluorescence polarization technique (HitHunter). We obtained the following results: 1) varying concentrations of an NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), elevated [IP3]i, 2) this elevation was completely inhibited in the presence of the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor, 1H-[1, 2, 4] oxadiazolo [4, 3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), 3) varying concentrations of the cGMP analogue, 8-Br-cGMP, also increased [IP3]i, 4) the cGMP analogue-induced IP3 production was abolished by pretreatment with either a PLC inhibitor, U73122, or a G-protein inhibitor, GP2A, and 5) KT5823, a potent and highly selective inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG), also abolished the IP3 production induced by 8-Br-cGMP. These results suggest that the NO-induced [Ca2+]i increase is triggered by an increase in [IP3]i located downstream from intracellular cGMP elevation. In this intracellular pathway, each sGC, cGMP-dependent PKG, G-protein and PLC were suggested to be involved. The present work provides new insights into the intracellular signaling accelerated by NO. NO triggers a [Ca2+]I increase via cGMP and IP3 in pancreatic acinar cells. 相似文献
176.
Pramod DHAKAL Nobuo TSUNODA Rie NAKAI Tomoki KITAURA Takehiro HARADA Masahiro ITO Kentaro NAGAOKA Yuko TOISHI Hiroyuki TANIYAMA Watanabe GEN Kazuyoshi TAYA 《Journal of Equine Science》2011,22(2):29-36
Changes in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin,
immunoreactive(ir)-inhibin, testosterone, estradiol-17β, and insulin-like growth factor
(IGF)-I in Thoroughbred stallions along with changes in prolactin secretion in geldings
were studied. The correlations of day-length with changes in the concentrations of these
hormones were also studied. Five stallions and thirteen geldings were employed to draw
blood samples in monthly basis and radioimmunoassay was performed to measure these
hormones. All hormones showed a seasonal pattern, the levels being highest during the
breeding season and lowest during the winter months. Most of the hormones were at their
highest concentration during the month of April, the mid of spring in northern hemisphere.
The concentration of circulating IGF-I also demonstrated seasonality, the peak lying on
the month of April. The plasma concentration of prolactin also increased during the
breeding season. This phenomenon was similar both in stallions and geldings although
geldings had lower concentration than that of stallions. The changes in concentration of
prolactin in stallions and geldings correlated more towards the day-length than towards
the temperature. These results clearly indicate the seasonality of pituitary and gonadal
hormones of Thoroughbred stallions, the activity being highest during the month of April
and May of the breeding season. 相似文献
177.
Pramod DHAKAL Nobuo TSUNODA Rie NAKAI Kentaro NAGAOKA Yasuo NAMBO Fumio SATO Hiroyuki TANIYAMA Watanabe Kazuyoshi TAYA 《Journal of Equine Science》2011,22(1):9-15
The aim of present study was to clarify the post-natal profile of follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), immunoreactive (ir)-inhibin, progesterone,
testosterone, and estradiol-17β, and their relationships in Thoroughbred colts. Six
hundred and thirty-six colts were used for the study. Single plasma samples from each
animal were harvested from the blood drawn through jugular venipuncture. The subjects were
born with high amounts of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol-17β, all of which
dropped significantly and remained at lower levels till the end of 6 months. FSH decreased
transiently after birth until day 12 and then gradually increased to peak at day 100 which
then maintained in lesser levels towards the end of the studied period. LH was highest
during birth which decreased until day 26 and then increased slowly to sub-birth levels up
to day 90. Animals were born with high amounts of ir-inhibin. It dropped slowly and halved
by day 20 and then decreased towards rest of the studied period. The increase in FSH is
negatively correlated with the declining ir-inhibin levels. The early increase in FSH can
be the indication of early post-natal maturation of the hypothalamic pituitary testicular
axis that ultimately might be responsible for priming the testes for future
development. 相似文献
178.
Shimizu KK Cork JM Caicedo AL Mays CA Moore RC Olsen KM Ruzsa S Coop G Bustamante CD Awadalla P Purugganan MD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5704):2081-2084
The shift to self-pollination is one of the most prevalent evolutionary transitions in flowering plants. In the selfing plant Arabidopsis thaliana, pseudogenes at the SCR and SRK self-incompatibility loci are believed to underlie the evolution of self-fertilization. Positive directional selection has driven the evolutionary fixation of pseudogene alleles of SCR, leading to substantially reduced nucleotide variation. Coalescent simulations indicate that this adaptive event may have occurred very recently and is possibly associated with the post-Pleistocene expansion of A. thaliana from glacial refugia. This suggests that ancillary morphological innovations associated with self-pollination can evolve rapidly after the inactivation of the self-incompatibility response. 相似文献
179.
Estimation of fault strength: reconstruction of stress before the 1995 Kobe earthquake 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We have estimated the stress field before the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake (moment magnitude 6.9) using in situ post-shock stress measurements obtained from hydraulic fracturing experiments near the fault. We reconstructed the pre-shock stress field using a kinematic source model inverted from seismic waveforms and geodetic deformations. We found that at the center of the fault, two sides of the fault surface coupled completely before the earthquake, with a coefficient of friction of 0.6, which is equivalent to strong crust. At the edge of the fault, a possible aseismic slip is expected to occur from the pre-shock stress orientation. 相似文献
180.
Tsuchiyama A Uesugi M Matsushima T Michikami T Kadono T Nakamura T Uesugi K Nakano T Sandford SA Noguchi R Matsumoto T Matsuno J Nagano T Imai Y Takeuchi A Suzuki Y Ogami T Katagiri J Ebihara M Ireland TR Kitajima F Nagao K Naraoka H Noguchi T Okazaki R Yurimoto H Zolensky ME Mukai T Abe M Yada T Fujimura A Yoshikawa M Kawaguchi J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6046):1125-1128
Regolith particles on the asteroid Itokawa were recovered by the Hayabusa mission. Their three-dimensional (3D) structure and other properties, revealed by x-ray microtomography, provide information on regolith formation. Modal abundances of minerals, bulk density (3.4 grams per cubic centimeter), and the 3D textures indicate that the particles represent a mixture of equilibrated and less-equilibrated LL chondrite materials. Evidence for melting was not seen on any of the particles. Some particles have rounded edges. Overall, the particles' size and shape are different from those seen in particles from the lunar regolith. These features suggest that meteoroid impacts on the asteroid surface primarily form much of the regolith particle, and that seismic-induced grain motion in the smooth terrain abrades them over time. 相似文献