2013年国外家兔遗传育种研究进展

我国是养兔大国，但家兔遗传育种基础研究薄弱。文章对2013年国外家兔遗传育种最新研究进展进行综述，以期为国内家兔育种者提供参考。     

Screening for reproductive biomarkers in Bactrian camel via iTRAQ analysis of proteomes

Bactrian camel is an ancient and precious species of livestock; that is, unique resources exist in the desert and have important economic and scientific value. In recent years, the number of Bactrian camels has declined sharply. Due to its long reproductive cycle and seasonal oestrus, the mechanism of oestrus is unknown. To identify candidate biomarkers of reproduction, we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis of serum from Bactrian camel in oestrus and non-oestrus, using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 359 proteins, of which 32 were differentially expressed: 11 were up-regulated and 21 were down-regulated in samples from camels in oestrus. We validated the differential expression of a subset of these proteins using qPCR and Western blot. Gene ontology annotation identified that the differentially expressed proteins function in cellular processes, metabolic processes and immune system processes. Notably, five of the differentially expressed proteins, PCGF5, histone H1.2, RBP4, FOLR1 and ANTXR2, are involved in reproductive regulatory processes in other animals. KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated significant enrichment in several cardiac-related pathways, such as ‘dilated cardiomyopathy’, ‘hypertrophic cardiomyopathy’, ‘cardiac muscle contraction’ and ‘adrenergic signalling in cardiomyopathy’. Our results suggest that candidate biomarker (PCGF5, histone H1.2, RBP4, FOLR1 and ANTXR2) discovery can aid in understanding reproduction in Bactrian camels. We conclude that the profiling of serum proteomes, followed by the measurement of selected proteins using more targeted methods, offers a promising approach for studying mechanisms of oestrus.     

大豆分离蛋白在千叶香丝中的应用及工艺条件的研究

主要研究了大豆分离蛋白在千叶香丝中的应用以及千叶香丝在加工过程中的品质影响因素。结合质构数据和感官评价结果发现,在生产工艺中的油料比、料水比以及蒸煮温度对千叶香丝质量的影响较大。通过正交试验,确定工艺条件为大豆油与大豆分离蛋白的比例为5:8,大豆分离蛋白与冰水质量比为1:5.5,蒸煮温度为85℃时,千叶香丝的乳化坯子弹性可达0.965。结合感官评定结果,确定千叶香丝的最佳生产工艺条件为:大豆油与大豆分离蛋白的比例为5:8,大豆分离蛋白与冰水质量比为1:6,蒸煮温度为85℃。     

Biochar has little effect on soil dissolved organic carbon pool 5 years after biochar application under field condition

Biochar application can improve soil properties, such as increasing soil organic carbon content, soil pH and water content. These properties are important to soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC); however, the effects of biochar on DOC concentration and composition have received little research attention, especially several years after biochar application under field conditions. This study was conducted in a long‐term experimental field where the biochar was only applied once in 2009. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different biochar application rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha^?1) on the dynamics of soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC compositions (reducing sugar, soluble phenol and aromatics) over nine samplings during a 12‐month period in 2014. Our results showed that soil water content and DOC concentration varied from 7.1% to 14.5% and 59 to 230 mg C kg^?1 soil during the 12 months, respectively. However, the biochar application rates did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC composition at the same sampling period. The DOC concentration across the biochar treatments was positively correlated to soil water content. Moreover, the DOC composition (reducing sugar, soluble phenol or aromatics) and their concentrations were positively correlated to the total DOC concentration. In addition, biochar did not affect soil bulk density, pH, saturated hydraulic conductivity and crop yields. The results indicated that some benefits of biochar to soil may not persist 5 years after the application of biochar under a field condition.     

农药除蜗灵对土壤微生物的影响

指出了农药除蜗灵近年来的大量使用,对土壤环境质量产生了一定的影响,进行了其对土壤-植物根际微生物数量上的影响的试验,并设计了农药浓度和施药时间的不同,从而了解了农药除蜗灵对微生物的长远影响。为农药除蜗灵的施用时间、施用浓度及其对土壤环境质量的影响提供了一定的科学依据。通过采用倾注法分离土壤中微生物,利用平板计数法进行计数,可得知农药除蜗灵对土壤中微生物的影响如下:对细菌和放线菌都产生了明显的促进作用,而对霉菌产生了显著的抑制作用。随着时间的推移,农药除蜗灵对放线菌的增加作用最先减弱,霉菌次之,细菌最晚恢复,这又说明了土壤本身对农药具有一定的净化作用。     

浙江省缙云县农机服务专业合作社发展现状与对策

为发挥农机服务专业合作社在浙江省缙云县农业生产中的作用，归纳总结了缙云县农机服务专业合作社发展的现状和成效，并对该县当前农机服务专业合作社发展存在的问题进行了分析，在此基础上提出了加快发展缙云县农机服务专业合作社的相关措施建议。      

棉花花铃期持续高温对不同部位成铃和品质的影响

为了探讨花铃期高温对棉花成铃的影响,设置了6个品种试验,调查生长发育、农艺性状与纤维品质。结果表明花铃期高温天气出现频率高,持续时间长,棉花下部棉铃,尤其是中部优质棉铃的成铃率下降,对纤维品质影响大,高温期开花5-6果枝成铃的纤维长度变短,中下部1-6果枝铃的纤维断裂比强度明显低于上部7-9果枝。7月中下旬应增施磷钾肥,提高滴灌频率,缩短滴灌时间,改善田间小气候,减轻天气对棉花产量和品质的影响。     

云岭水果笋高产栽培技术研究

试验研究了不同地区、不同栽培措施对高氏甜龙竹发笋及笋产量的影响。结果表明：在云南勐海县、普洱市海拔1 300~1 700 m，重庆市武隆区、四川宜宾市等地海拔600 m以下的地区适合栽种笋用高氏甜龙竹；高氏甜龙竹栽植适宜的株行距为2 m×4 m，栽种时，以每丛留3~4株母竹、米径控制在4~8 cm为宜；在母竹高2.5 m处封顶可促进枝叶生长和笋芽萌发，增加笋产量；施肥、浇水、竹丛覆盖和剥土晒蔸等措施均能提高笋产量。