Effect of amending materials on growth of radish plant in salinized soil

The critical Na levels in soil which restricted seed germination and growth of radish, and effect of the amending materials on reducing the salinity hazard were determined by performing petri dish and pot experiments. The plants were grown in amended salinized soil in a phytotron for 21 days. Excess accumulation of Na in cells suppressed seed germination and plant growth. The critical Na level in control soil which restricted germination and growth was 12.5mg Na/g soil. At the same salinity level, amending materials promoted seed germination and plant growth mainly by inhibiting the excess flow of Na into the cell through ion holding mechanism. Among the materials used, the commercial manure of 4 months old held greater amount of Na(3.7mg/g) and thus more efficiently reduced the ion damage. Plants grown under such treatment had the highest dry matter yield (28.Gmg/plant), water content was normal(84%), and the ratio for Na in root to Na in plant's shoot was 2.4. As for the case of plant grown in control soil the respective data were 8. 5mg, 54%, and 4.8.     

Effect of long-term application of fertilizers on soil quality and rice yield in a salt-affected coastal region of India

The studied soils were collected from a 24-year long-term fertilizer experiment with rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown on tropical Typic Endoaquepts during monsoon season only. The organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) status of the soils improved with the N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂ treatment than the initial values at the start of the experiment. The available P status of the soils depleted in the N₁₀₀P₁₁K₂₂ and N₀P₀K₀ treatments than the initial value. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and basal soil respiration (BSR), activities of urease, acid and alkaline phosphatases as well as fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzing activity (FDHA) were the highest in the N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂ treatment. The highest percentage of MBC in OC in the N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂ treatment revealed the accumulation of organic matter with an overall improvement in nutrient status of soil, since MBC is a labile pool of plant nutrients. Long-term application of fertilizers (N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂) had no deleterious effect on microbial and biochemical soil quality parameters. Rice grain yields were inconsistent with N₁₀₀P₀K₀ and N₀P₀K₀ while that of N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂, N₁₀₀P₁₁K₂₂ and N₁₀₀P₂₂K₀ increased gradually during the course of the experiment for each block period of six years. The grain yield of rice showed high significant correlation with the microbial and biochemical soil parameters.     

Simulation Model for Composting Cellulosic (Bagasse) Substrates

A dynamic model of aerobic composting with solid substrates was developed as a first step to predict the rate of decomposition of cellulosic materials. The model was based on heat and mass transfer principles and reaction kinetics of biological processes. The relations describing the rates of reaction and the degradability potential of the substrates were determined based on laboratory-scale experiments. The model was developed using a graphical software package, Stella II® (which was able to solve feedback loops encountered in actual composting processes.

The model was validated with temperature, oxygen distribution and mass degradation accompanying the composting of bagasse. Experimental setups consisted of 30 gallon drum reactors, continuously aerated. Temperature and oxygen in exhaust gases were monitored on an hourly basis and measurements of moisture content, pH and volatile solids were done on a weekly basis.

The data fit with the model was excellent for mass degraded and temperatures for the first 10 days. From day 10 to 14, the deviations between model predictions (as solved with Stella II®) and actual measurements did not exceed 2.6 percent. The concentrations of oxygen in outlet gases showed fair agreement between predicted and experimental values. Simulating the model with varying airflow rates showed that the maximum mass breakdown rates occurred for airflow rates of 0.12 kg dry air/(kg dry compost.hr) while maintaining the temperatures below 50°C, through a temperature feedback control strategy.     

过量空气系数与废气再循环率耦合对汽油机性能的影响

为了提高汽油机部分负荷下的燃油经济性,该文通过改变废气再循环率(EGR,exhaust gas recirculation)和过量空气系数,在一台增压进气道喷射汽油机上进行试验,研究了过量空气系数与EGR耦合对发动机部分负荷下燃油经济性和排放的影响。结果表明:随着EGR率和过量空气系数α的增加,燃烧循环变动率变大,燃烧持续期变长,且EGR是影响两者的主要因素;泵气损失显著减少,有效燃油消耗率显著降低,与EGR率=0和过量空气系数α=1条件下相比,EGR率=20%和过量空气系数α=1.1条件下的有效燃油消耗率降低了8.37%;随着EGR率的增加,THC(total hydrocarbon)排放增加,但NOx排放显著降低,高达约80%。因此,将三效催化转化器和EGR技术相结合,燃烧稀混合气,可以在满足欧Ⅴ排放法规的同时,大幅提高汽油机部分负荷下的燃油经济性。     

近40a凯拉库姆库区土地利用/覆盖变化及景观格局分析

为研究近40 a凯拉库姆库区土地利用/覆盖和景观格局时空变化状况,该文以凯拉库姆库区1975年Landsat MSS、1990年Landsat TM、2000年Landsat ETM+和2011年Landsat TM遥感影像为数据源,利用ENVI软件得到各时期的土地利用/覆盖类型转移矩阵,建立土地利用面积变化量、单一土地利用类型动态度以及区域土地利用综合动态度模型;同时,在景观格局分析中采用景观格局数量分析方法,在类型水平和景观水平分别选取不同的指数,系统分析凯拉库姆库区土地利用/覆盖和景观格局变化的时空特征。研究结果显示:近40 a凯拉库姆库区的土地利用/覆盖发生了剧烈变化,建设用地面积呈现出持续增加的态势,低覆盖度草地和未利用地的面积随时间序列呈"V"型变化,而水体、耕地、中覆盖度草地的面积随时间序列呈倒"V"型变化;建设用地和耕地大面积急剧扩张,并伴随着低覆盖度草地、中覆盖度草地和未利用地面积的减少,大量的中覆盖度草地、未利用地转化为耕地,同时部分耕地又转化为建设用地,使得建设用地和耕地面积显著增加,研究区区域土地利用综合动态度呈"V"字型变化,并有逐渐加快的趋势,活跃土地利用/覆盖类型由早期和中期的水体转化为近期低覆盖度草地,稳定土地利用/覆盖类型由早期的耕地和中覆盖度草地,过度到中期未利用地,进而转化为近期的耕地;景观格局分析表明,中覆盖度草地和耕地对整个景观发挥主导作用,与水体相邻的景观要素多,建设用地斑块数目多且相对分散,但有集中分布的趋势,在人类活动的影响下,整体斑块尺度趋于均匀,景观趋于丰富和复杂化,斑块聚集程度减少,破碎度增加。该研究结果为凯拉库姆库区水土地资源可持续开发和利用、生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

苜蓿压捆过程中压缩与恢复应力传递规律

探索苜蓿在压捆过程中,由松散状态压缩成草片时在压捆室不同位置的轴向应力变化规律及传递模型。以草片为研究对象,选喂入量为4 kg/次,在草物料压捆试验台上进行了5种截面的压捆试验。每种截面布设2套压力传感装置和3个位移传感器,由基于虚拟仪器的草物料压缩测试系统采集各传感器的信号,记录了每次压缩时草片的压缩与恢复应力和位置、草片的压缩量及回弹量等数据。结果表明苜蓿在不同截面下压缩与恢复应力具有相同的传递规律,但截面尺寸影响草片的最大压缩应力和最小恢复应力的数值且为非线性关系。指出了由松散苜蓿压缩成草片所需要的压缩应力最大,是压捆机设计中的基本参数。揭示了草片最大压缩应力随位移的变化呈指数下降,在压缩室内草片(4~5个草片)的压缩应力较高,在捆草室内草片的压缩应力较低,建议压缩室长度为900~1 000 mm。草片最小恢复应力表现为随位移增加而增加,达到一定位置时随位移的增加而下降。通过回归分析,获得了苜蓿在压捆过程中压缩与恢复应力传递规律和相应的数学模型,其复相关系数均大于0.9091,说明压缩与恢复应力和草片的位置密切相关,模型回归效果较好。试验结果可为草物料压捆机的动力选择和优化设计提供基础数据和理论依据。     

秸秆促腐还田对土壤养分及活性有机碳的影响

通过2年的小麦-玉米轮作田间定位试验,设置5个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（F）、化肥 秸秆（FS）、化肥 秸秆 腐秆剂（FSD）、磷钾肥减施20%（按P2O5和K2O计,与F比较） 秸秆 腐秆剂（F4/5SD）,通过分析作物收获后土壤耕层养分、活性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量,计算土壤不同形态碳素有效率和碳库管理指数等,探讨秸秆促腐还田对沿淮砂姜黑土土壤养分和活性有机碳的影响。结果表明：1）与单施化肥处理相比,常规秸秆还田处理土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加了13.0%、4.6%和10.7%,土壤活性有机碳有效率增加12.0%和11.1%,土壤碳库管理指数提高了30.6%;2）秸秆促腐还田处理土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加了17.4%、40.5%和12.4%,土壤活性有机碳、活性有机碳有效率和可溶性有机碳分别增加了12.0%、9.5%和51.3%,土壤碳库管理指数提高了102.3%;3）土壤碳库管理指数与土壤养分含量、土壤碳素有效率等的相关性较土壤总有机碳含量有显著提高。可见,秸秆促腐还田较常规秸秆还田更利于提高沿淮砂姜黑土土壤养分含量、有机碳中活性组分含量及其有效率和土壤碳库管理指数;即使减施磷、钾肥20%,该措施的增肥和培土效果也不会明显下降。     

Calculating the density of loamy sandy soddy-podzolic soils from penetration resistance diagrams

The possibility for the calculation of the soil bulk density from two-dimensional penetration resistance diagrams drawn using a penetrometer during the vertical sounding of the soil has been discussed. A method has been proposed for calculating the bulk density of loamy sandy soddy-podzolic soils from the soil penetration test diagrams. The model for the calculation of the soil bulk density is based on the general physical concepts with the involvement of similarity theory methods. The adequacy and quality of the model have been studied statistically. The model has been found to be suitable for calculating the bulk density of loamy sandy and sandy podzolic soils.     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化红小豆多酚工艺及效果

为开发利用红小豆加工副产物中的生理活性物质,该研究采用大孔树脂吸附法对煮制红小豆水的多酚类物质进行分离纯化,比较了5种不同型号大孔树脂对红小豆多酚的吸附分离效果,从中筛选出HPD 600型树脂作为理想的吸附剂;研究了 HPD 600树脂对红小豆多酚的吸附等温线,结果表明,该吸附等温线与 Langmuir、Freundlich函数曲线的拟合程度非常高,且采用Langmuir模型的拟合效果略优于Freundlich模型。静态和动态吸附、洗脱试验结果表明：样品液浓度、温度、pH值、乙醇浓度、上样流速及洗脱流速等因素均对HPD 600树脂吸附分离红小豆多酚有影响。较理想的工艺参数为：30℃是较适宜的静态吸附温度;保持煮制红小豆水本身的多酚浓度0.96 mg/mL和pH值6.8,上样体积200 mL,上样流速1.0 mL/min进行动态吸附;吸附饱和平衡后,采用50 mL 60%乙醇溶液,以1.5 mL/min的流速进行动态洗脱。依此得到的红小豆多酚纯化液,其总酚含量和总抗氧化能力均有显著提高,约为纯化前的2.2倍。     

The effect of NPK fertilizer with different nitrogen solubility on growth,nutrient uptake and use by chrysanthemum

The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer with different nitrogen forms on N, P, K use, uptake and growth of potted chrysanthemum plants during three vegetation phases was observed in two - years experiment. In the experiment, NPK fertilizer with slow soluble nutrients with different nitrogen forms: ureaform, (IBDU) isobutyledenediurea and melamin, was used. At control treatment the identical fertilizer was applied but the nitrogen was in ammonia and urea forms as usually used in horticulture. The experiment clearly showed the positive effect of NPK fertilizer containing half nitrogen amount in ureaform, on growth and plant nutrient uptake. This effect of nitrogen ureaform was confirmed by both the highest uptake of N, P, K and the highest yield of biomass. The NPK fertilizer with half nitrogen content in ureaform ensured optimal nutrient release according chrysanthemum nutrient requirement.