棉籽和蓖麻籽的冷榨试验与数值模拟

探讨棉籽和蓖麻籽植物油料的冷榨应力-应变关系、应力-压缩比关系以及加载速率对应力-应变关系和应力-压缩比关系的影响,探讨临界压榨压力选取问题。进行了棉籽和蓖麻籽冷榨试验,采用川北方程建立双曲线型应力-应变模型和压缩比的理论计算模型。研究表明,加载速率对油料破碎应力、应变以及应力-应变关系有影响,速率越大,破碎应力和应变越大;棉籽和蓖麻籽的模拟结果与实测值比较吻合。根据压缩比变化率及其斜率曲线近似确定出棉籽和蓖麻籽工程临界压榨压力分别为70 MPa和100 MPa。     

发达地区耕地资源的时空变化及其驱动力实证研究

利用绍兴市近年的土地利用调查数据及相关社会经济资料,从耕地资源的时序变化和空间差异入手,宏观分析了该市耕地动态变化的趋势和规律,并将主成分分析和多元逐步回归相结合,定量研究了该市耕地数量变化的驱动机制。结果表明：绍兴市耕地资源的时空变化特征显著,耕地呈现出逐年减少的总体趋势;耕地减少以建设占用和以市场为导向的农业结构调整为主,基本建设投入力度的加大和人们生活收入水平的提高是影响耕地减少的主要动因。研究结果将为合理利用和保护耕地、为绍兴市农业的可持续发展提供科学依据,为进一步研究沿海经济发达地区的耕地变化提供借鉴。     

基于ZGS和TW模型的长江流域植被NPP时空演变特征

[目的]研究长江流域陆地植被生态系统初级净生产力(NPP)的时空演变特征,为政府部门建立和调整生态功能恢复项目提供参考。[方法]以长江流域为研究区,基于2000—2019年的降水和气温数据,采用周广胜—张新时模型(ZGS)和Thornthwaite Memorial (TM)模型估算NPP,并进一步利用皮尔逊相关分析、一元线性回归分析、Mann-Kendall显著性检验等,对比分析长江流域陆地植被生态系统NPP时空演变特征。[结果](1)基于上述两个模型模拟得到的长江流域NPP时空演变趋势基本一致,相关系数R为0.982,呈现显著正相关关系;(2)2000—2019年长江流域陆地植被生态系统实际NPP与潜在NPP均呈上升趋势,上升速率分别为6.85,2.74 g/(m~2·a)。(3)长江流域实际NPP和潜在NPP在空间上呈东南高西北低的分布格局,低值区域主要分布在草地生态系统;高值区域大部分分布在森林生态系统和农田生态系统。(4)2000—2019年长江流域实际NPP与潜在NPP呈上升趋势的面积分别占研究区总面积的80.65%和84.81%,主要分布在云南、青海、西藏、四川北部及浙江...     

How different reforestation approaches affect red soil properties in southern China

Significant differences were found in soil physicochemical and biological effects between various forest restoration approaches of a hilly red‐soil region, southern China. Soil quality was the highest in natural secondary forest (0·95), while in sites revegetated with tea‐oil camellia (Camellia oleifera), Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and control sites, integrated soil quality indices were 0·68, 0·55, 0·36 and 0·04 respectively. The lower soil quality of plantations and controls resulted from increased disruption of soil physical structure, lower quality litter fall, lower litter fall production, reduction in microbial biomass, decline of microbial function and loss of soil nutrients due to periodically artificial tending and accelerated soil erosion. Improvement in soil physicochemical properties and enhanced soil microbial function at a natural secondary forest site demonstrated the inherent restoration of these soils. Hence, natural restoration, as well as reducing human disturbance, is a better approach to improving soil properties than returning farmland to planted woodlands. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地表沉陷预测评价模式的灵敏度分析

针对矿区地表沉陷预测评价,以缓倾斜中硬煤层为例分析了概率积分法模式的稳定性。该模型有较好的稳定性,用于缓倾斜煤层的地表沉陷预测,可以满足预测的精度要求。在煤层的倾角、厚度、埋深及综合评价系数中,以综合评价系数的灵敏度最大,是主要控制参数。     

山区经济发展与生态环境耦合机制研究——以河北省平山县为例

经济发展对生态环境的影响及其反馈机理是当前地理学、环境科学等相关学科共同的研究热点,山区作为生态环境保护屏障重点区域与经济发展之间的矛盾尤为突出。以河北省平山县为研究对象,通过定性与定量分析相结合的方法建立了耦合系统的评价指标体系,运用灰色关联分析法构建出平山县经济发展与生态环境交互作用的关联度模型和耦合度模型,定量揭示出影响山区经济发展与生态环境系统耦合的主要因素,并从时空角度分析了区域耦合度的空间分布及演变规律。结果表明:经济发展与生态环境系统要素之间的耦合是复杂的,总体上表现在经济发展对生态环境的胁迫作用和生态环境对经济发展的约束作用两个方面;平山县经济发展与生态环境耦合度总体处于拮颃阶段,时间上呈逐年增加的趋势,空间上呈现东、中、西空间分异规律。研究结果为中国山区经济发展与生态环境的协调发展提供决策参考。     

二维泊肃叶流场中荷电颗粒动力学分析及固液分离试验

液固两相流中的细小且体积浓度低的固相颗粒在液相流动影响下,除受颗粒重力作用外,还有Stokes阻力、Saffman力、压力梯度力、附加质量力等的共同作用,并在液相流场中作不可控的运动。为了有效控制固相颗粒运动,该文在二维泊肃叶流场的垂直方向上设计一高压静电场,使电场力作用于荷电固相颗粒,并建立了有界黏性流体在二维泊肃叶流场和高压静电场同时作用下带电颗粒的运动力学模型,分析了固相颗粒的运动规律,并设计了多物理场耦合条件下的固液两相分离装置。利用该装置对清洁度为NAS12的L-HM32#抗磨液压油进行颗粒分离试验,12 h后,2～100μm的颗粒数目显著减少,颗粒分离效率高达到95%,液压油清洁度达到NAS4级,实现高效的固液分离和固相颗粒分选。     

土壤硝化作用过程中亚硝态氮的累积研究

在实验室条件下比较了９种土壤硝化过程中ＮＯ２＾－的累积能力和ＮＯ２＾－在不同土壤中的稳定性,并在３种代表性土壤上检测了ＮＯ２＾－累积的动态变化。结果表明,红壤和黄棕壤在所有施氨（ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ）水平下均未出现ＮＯ２＾－的累积;但砂姜黑土、潮土、滨海盐士、潮棕壤、褐土、灌漠土和灰钙土等均出现不同程度的ＮＯ２＾－累积,且随着施ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ水平提高而增加ＮＯ３＾－在红壤和黄棕壤中的累积与施ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ水平无关,但在其它７种ｐＨ大于７的土壤中的累积受到浓度ＮＨ４＾＋的抑制。此外,试验还表明,ＮＯ２＾－在红壤和黄棕壤中不稳定,但在其它７种土壤中相当稳定。土壤硝化过程中产生ＮＯ２＾－累积的问题应引起重视。     

Relationships among species of Hystrix Moench and Elymus L. assessed by RAPDs

To assess the generic delimitation and the interspecific relationships between Hystrix and Elymus, three Hystrix and 10 Elymus species were used for random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) assay. Of the 54 primers tested, 26 (48%) produced polymorphic products. A total of 167 products amplified from 16 primers were selected for RAPD analysis, among which 156 (93.4%) amplified products were found to be polymorphic among the 13 species. The polymorphism produced by each primer ranged from 4 to 13, with an average of 9.8. Data were used to generate Jaccard's similarity coefficients and to construct a dendrogram using UPGMA in the NTSYS computer programs. It is concluded from this study that: (1) there were clear differences between Hystrix and Elymus, which possibly suggest that Hystrix is a valid genus; (2) great diversity existed among the species of Hystrix and Elymus; (3) the species similar to each other in morphological characters were grouped together; (4) the species from neighboring geographical regions were clustered; (5) the species with the same genomes and polyploidy level were clustered together; (6) RAPD results are comparable with those obtained from studies on morphology and cytology. It is a useful additional method for assessing the relationships among genera and species in Triticeae.