植物基因工程在作物育种中的应用与展望

从抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂、抗逆以及品质改良、改善发育状况、提高光合作用和固氮效率等方面论述了基因工程在作物育种中的具体应用和进展,阐述了基因工程改良作物品种的方法和优点。通过植物基因工程获得的转基因作物主要有大豆、玉米、棉花、油菜和烟草,并开始大面积应用于农业生产,取了得较好的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。分析了植物基因工程在作物育种中广阔前景,有望培育出高产优质、集高光效、抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂和抗逆等特性于一体的作物新品种。解决了人类所面临的资源短缺、环境恶化和效益衰退的三大难题,为农业的持续、稳定发展提供了有力保障。     

宁强矮马考察报告

宁强矮马,产于陕西宁强县嘉陵江的西北部,秦岭南坡区的深山峡谷之中。它占当地马匹总数不到10％,体高106cm以下,属乘(驮)用型马种。     

Effect of FE level and solution culture PH on severity of chlorosis and elemental content of apple seedlings

The development of chlorosis and subsequent growth of apple seedlings grown in solution cultures containing various levels of Fe under a range of solution pH regimes were examined. Initial solution pHs were 5.5, 6.5 and 7.8 respectively, with Fe levels of 0.0, 0.13 and 1.3 ppm in a 3x3 factorial arrangement. Leaf chlorosis increased with a decrease in Fe levels and with higher solution pH. Nutrient solutions were changed weekly and during each weekly cycle solution pH levels were monitored. Independent of Fe level, the lower the initial solution pH the greater the change in solution pH during each weekly cycle. Decreasing solution Fe levels decreased both leaf and root Fe concentrations but both parameters were relatively unaffected by solution pH suggesting a solution pH by Fe supply interaction at the root surface.     

Varietal difference in radiocesium uptake and transfer from radiocesium deposited soils in the genus Amaranthus

Abstract

Within Amaranthaceae, 33 different varieties, including local varieties from Japan, were grown in 2012 in a field in the town of Iino in the Fukushima prefecture, which is located approximately 51 km north of Tokyo Electric Power Company, Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP). The contamination level of the soil was 2770 ± 140 Bq kg^?1 dry weight (¹³⁴Cesium (Cs) + ¹³⁷Cs, average ± SE), and the field was also cultivated in 2011. There was a significant varietal difference in the dry weight production, radiocesium accumulation and transfer factor (TF) of radiocesium from the soil to the plant. The ratio of the lowest TF to the highest TF was approximately 3. Because the ratio of ¹³⁷Cs to ¹³³Cs was significantly positive, radiocesium seems to be absorbed in a manner similar to that of ¹³³Cs. It is suggested that the varietal difference in the behavior of radiocesium uptake mainly depends on its genetic background rather than on environmental factors.     

烟草气孔导度对光强的响应

气孔导度模型是评价植物叶片气孔调节的重要工具。为比较几种常用的气孔导度模型对烟草的适用性, 本研究采用Li-6400光合测定系统, 测定了大田条件下, 烟草叶片在控CO₂(390 μmol·mol^-1)和控温(20 ℃、25 ℃、30 ℃和35 ℃)情况下的气孔导度光响应曲线。以Ball-Berry模型(BB模型)、Leuning修正模型(BBL模型)、叶子飘和于强推导的机理模型(BBY模型), 对各温度下烟草的气孔导度进行拟合和比较, 将气孔导度模型与净光合速率的光响应修正模型进行耦合(耦合模型), 研究了烟草气孔导度的光响应特征, 并与Jarvis模型进行比较。拟合结果表明, 较之BB模型和BBL模型, BBY模型能更好地描述各温度下烟草气孔导度与净光合速率之间的关系。耦合模型和Jarvis模型都能较好地拟合烟草气孔导度对光强的响应曲线, 但耦合模型的拟合效果更好, 且可以直接估算最大气孔导度和对应的饱和光强, 同时可以研究最大气孔导度与最大净光合速率是否同步的问题。结果表明, 各温度下, 烟草最大气孔导度与最大净光合速率并不同步。20 ℃下气孔导度早于净光合速率达到最大值, 而其余温度下气孔导度晚于净光合速率达最大值。     

小麦-小麦锈菌互作中相互识别的研究进展

寄主-病原物互作是当今植物病理学研究的热点领域,而两者互作中的识别则是研究的重点。小麦锈病作为植物病理学研究中的经典病害,小麦-锈菌相互识别的研究已达到很深的程度。本文从分子水平、细胞水平、组织水平及识别物质方面论述了小麦-小麦锈菌互作中相互识别的研究进展,并对两者识别的研究方向进行了展望。     

大豆生育阶段动态模型的研究

研究了不同大豆类型品种的发育与温，光等主要环境因子的数量关系。在借鉴吸收析因指数形式的小麦发育期动态模拟模型（WDSM），“水稻钟”模型和DSSAT3等模型思想方法基础上，构建了大豆生育动态模拟模型（SDSM），经验证不同类型品种平均误差在1-3天之内，与传统的积温法相比，其模拟精度有了较大提高。     

十省（区）大豆病毒毒源分析

采自５省（区）大豆病毒病样本６１份，经汁液接种鉴别寄主鉴定以及免疫双扩散测定，大豆花叶病毒（ＳＭＶ）单独侵染的样本３９份，黄瓜花叶病毒（ＣＭＶ）单独侵染的样本１２份，ＳＭＶ和ＣＭＶ复合侵染的有７份。从１０省（区）获得的大豆病毒病种子传毒率为２．７０％－１４．６８％，生物测定和血清学测定（免疫双扩散或ＥＬＩＳＡ）的种传样本４４个均为ＳＭＶ。选择各地有代表性的ＳＭＶ典型症状分离物，在电镜下观察粒子长度     

Adaptability of various models of the water production function for rice in Jilin Province,China

The existing irrigation schedule of most rice-growing areas in Jilin Province is not in full compliance with the Water Requirements Law of the rice; these discrepancies affect the yield of rice to some extent. Thus, research on rice water regulations and selection of an appropriate water production function model (WPFM) is very important. In this study, according to the water demand characteristics of rice, we used drought treatments separately during the tillering, jointing booting, flowering, and milky stages. Evapotranspiration and yield data were obtained using a test pit experiment and production measurements in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Five commonly used WPFMs (the Jensen, Blank, Minhas, Stewart, and Singh model) were selected for this study, and the water sensitivity index of each model was calculated based on the evapotranspiration, yield, and the model equations. The Jensen model was found to be the most suitable WPFM for this region; furthermore, a mathematical relationship between the water sensitivity index and days after rice planting was established. These results have important theoretical and practical implications for guidelines regarding rice irrigation in Jilin Province.     

用人工冷水池鉴定水稻光温敏核不育系雄性不育起点温度的研究

用人工冷水池与人工气候箱分别对8个水稻光温敏核不育系在它们育志换温敏感期进行5d日均温23.5℃（22－25℃）的冷水与6d日均温23．5℃（19．5－26．0℃）的冷气处理。结果表明：株S－1、陆18S、96－5－2S、139S及康201S在两种低温处理条件下均表现不育，自交结实率与花粉可染率均为0；培矮64S在人工冷气处理条件下也表现不育，自交结实率与花粉可染率为0，但在人工冷水处理条件下表现轻度可育，自交结实率为0．05％，花粉可染率为5．0％；810S与179S在两种低温处理条件下均表现可育，自交结实率为3．7％－18．5％，花粉可染率为4．3％－41．0％，但人工冷水处理条件下的自交结实率与花粉可染率明显高于人工冷气处理条件下的自交结实率与花粉可染率。说明用人工冷水池鉴定水稻光温敏核不育系雄性不育的起点温度是可行的，而且鉴定的灵敏度比人工气候箱更高。根据人工冷水池与人工气候箱鉴定的结果可知：株S－1、陆18S、96－5－2S、139S及康201S的雄性不育起点温度小于23．5℃，培矮64S的雄性不育起点温度在23．5℃左右，而810S与179S的雄性不育起点温度大于23．5℃。