10个甘蔗新品种在海南临高的丰产性及黑穗病抗性鉴定

对10个甘蔗品种进行了2年新植和1年宿根的田间对比试验,并用混合冬孢子通过人工接种盆栽试验对这些品种进行黑穗病抗性鉴定。结果表明:福农40号植株高大,产量和含糖量在所有品种中最高,但蔗糖分偏低,比对照低0.53个百分点。桂糖29号和柳城05-136在产量、蔗糖分及黑穗病抗性上优于对照,可在海南进一步扩大示范种植。     

利用BSA-seq发掘棉花适宜机采的果枝长度相关QTL

【目的】将群体分离分析法与下一代测序技术相结合,定位与棉花果枝长度关联的数量性状位点。【方法】以Ⅰ式果枝品系苏机棉125和Ⅱ式果枝品种泗抗1号为亲本,构建棉花F2分离群体。根据F2群体单株中部果枝节间平均长度,选择极端性状单株分为2组,构建DNA混池。再对2个混池进行重测序,分析2个混池之间的单核苷酸多态性和插入缺失突变,并利用欧式距离法关联与果枝节间长度相关的数量性状位点。【结果】利用测序获得的单核苷酸多态性位点数据,在A3染色体上定位到1个与果枝节间长度关联的区域,区间范围为0.8Mbp;利用测序获得的缺失突变位点数据,也在A3染色体上定位到1个关联区域,区间范围为1.09Mbp;2个关联区域互相重合,重合区间为0.77Mbp。【结论】本研究中Ⅰ式果枝相关基因被定位在A3染色体上,说明棉花Ⅰ式果枝和〇式果枝的差异是因为遗传位点和模式的不同,而不是同一基因的剂量效应。     

芦笋种植对冷凉沙化区土壤改良的效果研究

为探索芦笋种植对冷凉沙化区土壤的改良效果,在山西省朔州市右玉县,以未种植芦笋裸沙地为对照（CK）,设置种植芦笋1、2、3和4年共4个处理,通过田间试验测定不同种植年限芦笋田土壤理化特性和芦笋生长发育情况。结果表明,与CK相比,随种植年限增加,土壤黏粒和粉砂粒含量递增,砂粒含量递减,土壤容重递减,土壤田间持水量递增;土壤pH和可溶性盐浓度（EC）递减;土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量逐年递增。种植芦笋3年的土壤粒级、土壤容重、田间持水量、pH、EC值、土壤肥力发生显著变化;连续种植芦笋4年的土壤黏粒含量较CK增加到29.8%,粉砂粒含量增加到12.6%,砂粒含量降低到57.6%,田间土壤持水量显著提高,土壤容重显著降低,土壤由砂质壤土向砂质黏土转变;土壤pH降低0.75,EC值降低0.08mS/cm;土壤有机质含量增加28.89%,全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加95.12%、94.92%和45.40%;芦笋产量达6 037.5kg/hm ²。综合分析,连续种植芦笋4年可改善沙化土壤的物理结构,提高土壤养分,降低盐碱程度。芦笋是冷凉沙化区土壤改良的先锋作物之一,可实现生态效益与经济效益并举。     

生物炭对干旱胁迫下蓝盆花生长及根际土壤真菌丰度的影响

以蓝盆花为试材,在土壤中分别施入浓度为0、10、20、30、40 g·kg^-1的玉米秸秆生物炭,研究了玉米秸秆生物炭施用对干旱胁迫下蓝盆花生长及根际土壤真菌丰度的影响,以期为利用生物炭缓解干旱胁迫对园林植物的生长提供科学依据。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,T2处理下蓝盆花的株高、茎粗、根数和根鲜质量均显著高于CK,其中在处理20 d后,分别比对照高26.23%、17.79%、26.67%和13.93%,T1和T3处理下蓝盆花的株高、茎粗、根数与对照差异不显著,T4处理下蓝盆花的各形态指标均显著低于对照。生物炭处理后还提高了干旱胁迫下土壤真菌丰度,随着生物炭含量的升高,土壤中子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门、壶菌门和球囊菌门,以及子囊菌门未分类或未识别科、毛壳菌科、小子囊菌科、毛球壳科、丛赤壳科、小疱毛科、假球壳科以及担子菌门蘑菇科、接合菌门被孢霉科和半知菌亚门掷孢酵母科,所占群落比例均呈抛物线状变化,T2处理下,上述真菌在门和科分类水平所占群落的比例最大。在干旱胁迫下子囊菌门小子囊菌科、毛壳菌科、毛球壳科、接合菌门被孢霉科在促进蓝盆花生长方面的作用较为显著。土壤中施入浓度为20 g·kg^-1生物炭最能缓解干旱胁迫对蓝盆花生长产生的影响。     

油菜薹和蕾中硫代葡萄糖苷组分及含量分析

采用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)法,对30个油菜品种薹和蕾中硫代葡萄糖苷(glucosinolate,简称硫苷)的组分及含量进行测定。结果表明:30个油菜品种的总硫苷含量变异范围较大,在21.67～119.29μmol·g^-1之间;大多数油菜品种蕾中的硫苷含量高于薹,蕾中硫苷含量均值为37.26μmol·g^-1,薹中为28.06μmol·g^-1;薹和蕾中的硫苷组分相似,均以4-戊烯基硫苷和2-羟基-3-丁烯基硫苷为主要成分,两者在薹和蕾中的含量分别占总硫苷含量的46.24%、28.52%和45.19%、29.13%。进一步分析高、中、低硫苷含量油菜品种的硫苷组分及含量,结果表明油菜不同品种间硫苷含量的差异主要是由4-戊烯基硫苷引起的。     

中国鸡(土从)菌研究进展

鸡(土从)菌(Termitomyces spp.)是我国传统的典型野生食用菌,具有极高的科学研究价值。由于鸡(土从)菌无法人工栽培,年产量波动严重,市场价值较高,这导致了以假乱真的现象屡见不鲜,并造成了我国鸡(土从)菌市场和科研领域的混乱。通过综述鸡(土从)菌的分类地位、生物学特性、与白蚁的共生关系、食(药)用价值以及鸡地从菌栽培现状等,分析和展望了未来可能的研究方向。为推动鸡(土从)菌人工栽培研究以及传播正确的鸡(土从)菌知识提供参考,从而促进整个鸡(土从)菌产业的可持续发展。     

Effects of different tillage and straw retention practices on soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils of the northwestern China

Soil tillage and straw retention in dryland areas may affect the soil aggregates and the distribution of total organic carbon. The aims of this study were to establish how different tillage and straw retention practices affect the soil aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the aggregate fractions based on a long-term (approximately 15 years) field experimentin the semi-arid western Loess Plateau, northwestern China. The experiment included four soil treatments, i.e., conventional tillage with straw removed (T), conventional tillage with straw incorporated (TS), no tillage with straw removed (NT) and no tillage with straw retention (NTS), which were arranged in a complete randomized block design. The wet-sieving method was used to separate four size fractions of aggregates, namely, large macroaggregates (LA, >2000 μm), small macroaggregates (SA, 250-2000 μm), microaggregates (MA, 53-250 μm), and silt and clay (SC, <53 μm). Compared to the conventional tillage practices (including T and TS treatments), the percentages of the macroaggregate fractions (LA and SA) under the conservation tillage practices (including NT and NTS treatments) were increased by 41.2%-56.6%, with the NTS treatment having the greatest effect. For soil layers of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-30 cm, values of the mean weight diameter (MWD) under the TS and NTS treatments were 10.68%, 13.83% and 17.65%, respectively. They were 18.45%, 19.15% and 14.12% higher than those under the T treatment, respectively. The maximum contents of the aggregate-associated SOC and TN were detected in the SA fraction, with the greatest effect being observed for the NTS treatment. The SOC and TN contents were significantly higher under the NTS and TS treatments than under the T treatment. Also, the increases in SOC and TN levels were much higher in the straw-retention plots than in the straw-removed plots. The macroaggregates (including LA and SA fractions) were the major pools for SOC and TN, regardless of tillage practices, storing 3.25-6.81 g C/kg soil and 0.34-0.62 g N/kg soil. Based on the above results, we recommend the NTS treatment as the best option to boost soil aggregates and to reinforce carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau of northwestern China.     

Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings; therefore, it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China. However, high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice, for example, reservoir water. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage. The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18°C, 24°C and 30°C under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation), respectively. The results showed that, at the 30°C soil temperature, drip irrigation increased total root length by 53% but reduced root water conductivity by 9% compared with flood irrigation. Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13% and 5%, respectively. These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress. In the 18°C soil temperature, drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%, leaf water potential by 40% and leaf net photosynthesis by 25% compared with flood irrigation. The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30% less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18°C. Therefore, the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate. Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate, which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice. Overall, the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment, causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate. Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.