Treatment of Cotton by β-Cyclodextrin/Triclosan Inclusion Complex and Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Properties

The efficacy of antimicrobial treatment of cotton fabrics depends on various parameters of the coating process, such as the chemical nature and concentration of the antimicrobial agent, the composition of the crosslinking formulation, and the curing temperature. The inclusion complex of triclosan with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, XRD, NMR, Raman, SEM, and TGA. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the complex against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were compared to those of its precursor. A multifactorial study included an evaluation of the effects of triclosan complexation with β-cyclodextrin, a comparison between the glyoxal and tetracarboxylic acid as crosslinkers, an investigation of the effect of crosslinker and catalyst concentrations, and a comparison of curing at 120°C and 180°C. The cotton was characterized by FTIR-ATR, the micrographs of treated samples were obtained by SEM and the weight add-on was calculated. The bactericidal properties were determined according to AATCC-147. The correlation between the coating process parameters and the antimicrobial efficacy was determined. The optimal combination leading to the highest weight add-on and the antimicrobial coating that was most durable to multiple detergent washes at an elevated temperature was the use of complexed triclosan grafted onto the cotton in the presence of tetracarboxylic acid, followed by curing at 180°C. The curing temperatures were 120°C (P=0.002) and 180°C (P=0.008), catalysts were 1 % and 2 % aluminium sulfate and sodium hypophosphite (P<0.001), and the crosslinkers were 5 % and 10 % glyoxal and butanetetracarboxylic acid (P<0.001); these parameters significantly enhanced the antimicrobial properties of the treated fabrics. The study showed that βCD did not have antimicrobial activity, while the βCD/triclosan-treated textile exhibited potential antimicrobial properties. Overall, the bactericidal activity of fabrics can be enhanced by using βCD/triclosan with 10 % butanetetracarboxylic acid as a cross-linker and 5 % sodium hypophosphite as a catalyst at a curing temperature of 180°C.     

Content of Nutrient and Antinutrient in Edible Flowers of Wild Plants in Mexico

Nutrient and antinutritional/toxic factors present in some edible flowers consumed in Mexico were determined. The edible flowers were: Agave salmiana, Aloe vera, Arbutus xalapensis, Cucurbita pepo (cultivated), Erythrina americana, Erythrina caribaea, Euphorbia radians benth and Yucca filifera. The nutrient content in the flowers studied is similar to that of the edible leaves and flowers studied mainly in Africa. The moisture content of the flowers varied from 860 to 932 g kg⁻¹. Crude protein (CP) was between 113 to 275 g kg⁻¹ DM, crude fiber, 104 to 177 g kg⁻¹ DM and the nitrogen free extract, between 425 to 667 g kg⁻¹ DM. The highest chemical score (CS) was found in E. americana and A. salmiana; in five samples the limiting amino acid was lysine, and in three of them it was tryptophan. Trypsin inhibitors and hemaglutinnins had a very low concentration. Alkaloids were present in both the Erythrina species and the saponins in A. salmiana and Y. filifera. Cyanogenic glucosides were not found in the studied flowers. The traditional process of preparing these specific flowers before consumption is by cooking them and discarding the broth; in this way the toxic substances are diminished or eliminated. These edible flowers from wild plants consumed in local areas of the country play an important role in the diet of the people at least during the short time of the season where they are blooming.     

Robust Water-Repellent Treatment of Cotton Fabrics with Polysiloxane Modified via Thiol-Ene Click Reaction

A facile and inexpensive way to prepare self-crosslinkable poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) for superhydrophobic treatment of cotton fabrics is reported in the study. Through thiol-ene click reaction between mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMOS) and vinyl-containing poly(dimethylsiloxane) (VPDMS), PDMS-g-TMOS can be simply and quickly synthesized. The trimethoxysilane group of PDMS-g-TMOS can react with hydroxyl group on cotton fabric and other -Si(OCH₃)₃ groups. The synthesized polysiloxane (PDMS-g-TMOS) was identified by FT-IR and ¹H-NMR. The morphology of the treated cotton fabric was observed by SEM and XPS was used to analyze the elemental composition on the surface of cotton fabric. The analysis results indicated that the surface was fully covered with PDMS. Due to the low surface energy of PDMS and the rough surfaces of cotton fabric, the optimized water contact angle (WCA) and sliding angle were respectively 154°±0.4° and 14°±0.5°, indicating superhydrophobicity. Moreover, water spray test (AATCC Test Method 22-2010) was also applied to evaluate the water repellency of treated cotton fabric and a score of 90 was assigned according to AATCC Test Method 22-2010. The durability of treated cotton fabric was tested by 50 laundering cycles. The resultant WCA barely decreased and the score of water spray test dropped from 90 to 80, showing the reasonable wash durability.     

Habitat and food supply across multiple spatial scales influence the distribution and abundance of a nocturnal aerial insectivore

Context

Conservation research often focuses on individual threats at a single spatial scale, but population declines can result from multiple stressors occurring at different spatial scales. Analyses incorporating alternative hypotheses across spatial scales allow more robust evaluation of the ecological processes underlying population declines.

Objectives

Populations of many aerially insectivorous birds are declining, yet conservation efforts remain focused on habitat due to an absence of data on changes in prey availability. We evaluate the potential for prey and habitat availability at multiple spatial scales to influence a population of eastern whip-poor-wills (Antrostomus vociferous).

Methods

We assess relationships between landcover (topographical map and satellite imagery) and insect abundance (moths and beetles from blacklight traps), and whip-poor-will distribution and abundance within eastern Canada using Ontario breeding bird atlas data (1980s and 2000s), acoustic recordings (regional), and point counts (local).

Results

Whip-poor-will occurrence in both atlas time periods was positively associated with forest area and fragmentation, but only a delayed effect of urban area explained reductions in detection. Contemporary regional whip-poor-will presence was positively related to moth abundance, and local whip-poor-will abundance was best predicted by area of open-canopy forest, anthropogenic linear disturbance density, and beetle abundance. Our finding that bird presence and abundance were associated with human activity and insect abundance across spatial scales suggests factors beyond habitat structure are likely driving population declines in whip-poor-wills and other aerial insectivores.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the importance of examining multiple hypotheses, including seasonally and locally variable food availability, across a range of spatial scales to direct conservation efforts.

     

Sub-arm location of prolamin and EST-SSR loci on chromosome 1H<Superscript>ch</Superscript> from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum chilense</Emphasis>

Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schult. is a diploid wild South American barley that contains genes of interest for cereal breeding, many of them located on chromosome 1H^ch. In the current study, two H. chilense-wheat addition lines with deletions in the 1H^ch chromosome were used for sub-arm localization of five prolamin (glutenin and gliadin) loci and 33 EST-SSR marker loci on chromosome 1H^ch. The two sets of markers were distributed across five sub-arm chromosome regions. Three glutenin loci (Glu-H ^ch 2, Glu-H ^ch 3, Glu-H ^ch 4) together with the gliadin locus Gli-H ^ch 1 were located on the distal 20% of the 1H^chS arm, whereas the glutenin locus Glu-H ^ch 1 was on the proximal 88% region of 1H^chL. Among 33 EST-SSR marker loci, 7 (21.2%) were on the 1H^chS arm and, of them, 3 (9.1%) were on the distal 20% end and 4 (12.1%) on the proximal 80% region. The 26 loci (78.8%) on 1H^chL were distributed across three different regions: 18 (78.8%) in the proximal 88%, 3 (9.1%) in the distal 12% and 5 (15.2%) in a region less than 12% from the distal end. The deletions in the 1H^ch chromosome added to the common wheat background were thus shown to be useful for determining the sub-arm location of EST-SSR and prolamin loci. This could facilitate the identification of molecular markers linked to genes of agronomic interest and the isolation of such genes for use in common wheat improvement.     

The smell and odorous components of dried shiitake mushroom, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lentinula edodes</Emphasis> IV: survey of trends in consumer preferences and changes in sensory evaluation

This study is part of an effort to improve the quality of dried shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) in accordance with consumer preference. Results are presented of a trend survey that examined the preferences of consumers using questionnaires combined with sensory evaluation. From the original preference (OP) survey, the distributions of OP divided by age class (AC) were statistically equal to the results obtained in 2000. The medians of OP for teenagers and twenties were “neutral” and “slightly like,” respectively. A firm preference change occurred between teenagers and those in their twenties. It is empirically realized that sensory intensity (SI) scores that were too high or too low led to a low hedonic preference (HP) score. The same tendency was seen for “neutralists” and “likers.” In addition, almost all distributions concerned with HP had no significant difference between 2000 and 2005; for example, that of SI divided by AC. These results showed that the preference for dried shiitake mushroom has been unaffected by the passage of the past 5 years. Dried shiitake mushrooms have been used from ancient times and for many dishes; therefore, the overall preference appears to have remained unchanged.     

Crystalline structure of heat-treated Scots pine [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L.] and Uludağ fir [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies nordmanniana</Emphasis> (Stev.) subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">bornmuelleriana</Emphasis> (Mattf.)] wood

The aim of this study was to determine changes in crystallinity and crystalline unit cell type of heat-treated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Uludağ fir (Abies nordmanniana stev. subsp. bornmuelleriana Mattf.) wood samples by means of FT-IR spectroscopic method. Heat treatment was applied on the test samples in an oven at three different temperatures (120, 150, and 180°C) and for two different periods of time (6 and 10 h) under atmospheric pressure. It was designated that crystallinity of both Scots pine and Uludağ fir wood samples increased during heat treatment depending on the duration. However, monoclinic structure in crystalline unit cells of Scots pine and Uludağ fir wood samples converted to triclinic structure when heat treated. It was estimated that monoclinic structure was dominant in the crystalline unit cell. It was established that the crystalline structure of Scots pine wood samples was more affected by heat treatment than that of Uludağ fir wood samples.     

Genetic variation among populations of wild safflower, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carthamus oxyacanthus</Emphasis> analyzed by agro-morphological traits and ISSR markers

Wild species of safflower, Carthamus oxyacanthus Bieb., is highly crossable with cultivated species, C. tinctorius L. and could be directly exploited in broadening safflower gene pool and improving the crop for biotic and abiotic stress environments. In this study, genetic diversity among accessions of C. oxyacanthus and their relationships with cultivated safflower were evaluated using agro-morphological traits and polymorphic inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Significant variation was observed among accessions particularly for seeds per capitulum, seed yield per plant, harvest index and capitula per plant. Cluster analysis based on agro-morphological traits classified the wild accessions in two groups according to their geographical regions, and separated them from the cultivated genotypes. ISSR marker also revealed a high genetic variation among the accessions, and cluster analysis based on this marker divided genotypes into four groups, with cultivated ones in a separate clade. Genetic variation observed among the wild safflower germplasm at the DNA level was higher than the agro-morphological traits, indicating that ISSR is an effective marker system for detecting diversity among safflower genotypes and their genetic relationships. Accessions of C. oxyacanthus with high genetic relationship to cultivated species could be used for interspecific hybridization in breeding programs of safflower.