Effects of different dietary copper sources on the growth and intestinal microbial communities of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary copper sources on growth performance and intestinal microbial communities of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Four isonitrogenous (420 g/kg crude protein) and isolipidic (70 g/kg crude lipid) experimental diets were formulated to contain different copper sources, Diet NSC (no‐supplemented copper), Diet CS (copper sulphate), Diet Availa (copper amino acid complex from Availa^®Cu100) and Diet M (1:1, copper sulphate + copper amino acid complex). A total of 360 Pacific white shrimp juveniles (initial weight: 1.86 ± 0.03 g) were randomly allocated into four groups, with three replicates per group and 30 shrimps each replicate. An Illumina‐based sequencing method was used to analyse the intestinal bacterial composition of shrimp juveniles. The results revealed that shrimps fed Diet M had significantly higher percent weight gain (PWG) than that fed Diet NSC and Diet CS, while there were no significant differences between Diet M and Diet Availa. Survival was not affected by the dietary copper sources. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were dominant in the intestines of Pacific white shrimp. Shrimps fed Diet M and Diet Availa had higher bacterial richness and diversity than those fed Diet NSC and Diet CS with no significant differences among all treatments. Furthermore, Diet M and Diet Availa which contained copper amino acid complex reduced the relative abundance of Vibrionaceae in shrimp intestinal tract. This study indicated that dietary copper sources could affect the intestinal microbial communities and diets supplemented with Availa^®Cu100 could have a positive impact on the growth performance and decrease the potential risk of disease in Pacific white shrimp.     

Effect of the squid viscera hydrolysate on growth performance and digestion in the red sea bream <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagrus major</Emphasis>

The improvement in feed efficiency is one of the most important subjects in fish culture. The development of feed, in terms of good intake, high growth performance, and high feed efficiency is needed. Squid viscera are one of the candidates for alternative material in improving feed efficiency in fish culture. In the present study, we described the dietary effect of the squid viscera hydrolysate (SVH) on the growth performance of the red sea bream. The addition of SVH to feed caused significant increases in feed intake, fork length, and body weight and produced a marked improvement in feed conversion after 4 weeks of feeding. Furthermore, the results of this feeding revealed that low dietary levels of SVH promote growth performance in the red sea bream. We physiologically analyzed digestion and appetite in fish fed diet containing SVH. SVH promoted the activity of hepatic trypsin and lipase, gene expression of stomach pepsin, hepatic lipase, and pyloric caeca trypsin, thereby improving the nutrient availability in red sea bream. Moreover, the mRNA expression of appetite regulating factor, such as brain NPY and stomach ghrelin was significantly improved by dietary SVH. Our current results indicate that dietary SVH as alternative material produced excellent effects on growth performance, which is dependent on the promoting effect on digestion and appetite in red sea bream.     

Effect of calcium ion on the thermal denaturation of subfragment-1 and rod regions of squid myosin upon the heating of myofibrils

Thermal inactivation of Ca²⁺ ATPase of squid myofibrils was significantly suppressed in the presence of Ca²⁺. Monomeric myosin content decreased much faster than Ca²⁺ ATPase inactivation in Ca medium, which was well explained by fast rod denaturation. In contrast, rod denaturation was slower than S-1 in EDTA medium. The decrease in monomeric myosin content was explained by faster S-1 denaturation. Comparing the S-1 and rod denaturation rates at a fixed temperature, it was concluded that S-1 denaturation was suppressed by Ca²⁺ whereas the rod denaturation was not. An unfolding experiment with isolated myosin rod confirmed that there was no stabilizing effect of Ca²⁺ on myosin rod. It was concluded that significant stabilization of the S-1 portion by Ca²⁺ generated the apparently different myosin denaturation patterns in the two media.     

Artificially induced tetraploid masu salmon have the ability to form primordial germ cells

Diploid gametes generated with tetraploid animals are a stepping stone to improving chromosome manipulation techniques. However, artificially induced tetraploid individuals generally die soon after hatching. Diploid gametes could be induced by in vivo cultures of tetraploid primordial germ cells (PGCs) through germ-line chimera. In the present study, characteristics of PGCs were studied in inviable tetraploid masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou. Histological observation of tetraploid embryos revealed that the same or smaller numbers of PGCs were observed and they migrate into the genital ridges as did diploid PGCs during gonadogenesis. By whole-mount in situ hybridization using vasa messenger RNA (mRNA), 4–35 vasa-positive signals were detected in a pair of genital ridges of tetraploids. By cytological observation of genital ridge cell suspensions, several large round cells were observed, some of which extended pseudopodia. They also contained large nuclei and round granules in their cytoplasm, characteristics of PGCs. As the results suggest that inviable artificial tetraploids have PGCs, we expect to achieve diploid gamete production through surrogate propagation and tetraploid fish production.     

大鲵虹彩病毒理化及生物学特性研究

对大鲵虹彩病毒(Giant salamander iridovirus,GSIV)的理化特性及生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:GSIV对热处理敏感,56℃和65℃处理30 min均可彻底灭活病毒;GSIV经酸(pH3)和碱(pH10)处理,病毒滴度(TCID50)与对照组相比较分别下降了8.58、9.04个对数级,差异极显著(P<0.01);GSIV经有机溶剂氯仿、乙醚以及胰蛋白酶处理,TCID50与对照组相比较分别下降了9.33、7.83、6.49个对数级,差异极显著(P<0.01)。冻融次数对GSIV滴度的影响不显著(P>0.05)。GSIV对细胞培养物的感染性试验结果表明,GSIV可在鲤上皮瘤细胞系(Epithelioma papilloma cyprini,EPC)、斑点叉尾鮰肾脏细胞系(Channel catfish kidney,CCK)、虹鳟鱼性腺细胞系(Rainbow trout gonadal,RTG-2)等细胞中增殖,但在EPC、CCK细胞中增殖速度快,TCID50高;GSIV在EPC细胞中的最适生长温度是25℃。GSIV在EPC细胞中增殖动态试验结果表明,GSIV感染细胞6 h后TCID50开始快速上升,进入对数增长期,72 h时TCID50达到最大值,以后趋于稳定。GSIV感染EPC细胞超薄切片透射电镜观察结果显示,在EPC细胞质中可见大量虹彩病毒样颗粒,呈晶格状排列,直径约140 nm。     

苏北浅滩中部海域春秋季口足目和十足目虾类分布特征

根据2010年5月和9月苏北浅滩如东海域虾类调查资料,研究了苏北浅滩中部海域口足目和十足目虾类种类组成和多样性的时空分布,探讨了主要优势种密度对总优势种密度的影响,并结合该海区地形地貌、水文环境等因素对虾类多样性进行了分析。结果表明,在2次调查中,共鉴定出十足目18种,口足目2种。依据相对重要性指数IRI的计算,得出该海域春季主要优势种为葛氏长臂虾(Palaemon gravieri),秋季为哈氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis hardwickii)。尽管春季各站位平均种类数稍高于秋季,但秋季虾类种间分布较均匀,致使该海域虾类重量和尾数多样性指数(H')均值秋季(1.59,1.85)皆高于春季(1.13,1.57)。不同生态类群虾类种类变化形成季节更替,更替率为55%。黄海冷水团和长江冲淡水的季节变化是影响该海域虾类种类生态类群和多样性分布的主要水文因素。     

Cloning and expression analysis of innate immune genes from red sea bream to assess different susceptibility to megalocytivirus infection

As suggested by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), fishes belonging to the genus Oplegnathus are more sensitive to megalocytivirus infection than other fish species including red sea bream (Pagrus major). To assess the roles of the innate immune response to these different susceptibilities, we cloned the genes encoding inflammatory factors including IL‐8 and COX‐2, and the antiviral factor like Mx from red sea bream for the first time and performed phylogenetic and structural analysis. Analysed expression levels of IL‐1β, IL‐8 and COX‐2 and the antiviral factor like Mx genes performed with in vivo challenge experiment showed no difference in inflammatory gene expression or respiratory burst activity between red sea bream and rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). However, the Mx gene expression levels in red sea bream were markedly higher than those in rock bream, suggesting the importance of type I interferon (IFN)‐induced proteins, particularly Mx, during megalocytivirus infection, rather than inflammation‐related genes. The in vitro challenge experiments using embryonic primary cultures derived from both fish species showed no difference in cytopathic effects (CPE), viral replication profiles, and inflammatory and Mx gene expression pattern between the two fish species.     

美洲鲥致病性维氏气单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

从自然感染发病的美洲鲥肝脏、肾脏和肠道中分离出1株细菌,经革兰染色镜检及PCR鉴定,确定为维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)。用该菌株接种健康美洲鲥,鉴定其致病力,从人工感染50 g左右的健康美洲鲥发现,菌株具有很强的致病力,试验鱼在感染后72 h内全部死亡,且患病症状与自然发病的鱼症状一致。进一步采用药敏纸片法测定分离菌株对多种抗生素的敏感性,结果发现:维氏气单胞菌对恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、头孢噻吩三种药物极为敏感,对红霉素、头孢唑啉中度敏感,对青霉素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、四环素、链霉素不敏感。     

天津重点水域底栖生物调查分析

于2018年9月,对天津大港,宝坻,华苑等地区的12个站点的大型底栖生物的群落结构及生物多样性进行了调查分析。结果表明,调查区共鉴定出大型底栖生物3门10种,其中软体动物4种,环节动物4种,水生昆虫2种,各站位丰度波动范围为20～840 ind/m^2,平均为205.33 ind/m^2,生物量范围为0.012～308.63 g/m^2,平均为59.69 g/m^2;囊螺为该地区绝对优势种。丰富度指数Margalefs.index在1.48～3.334之间波动, Goodnight修正指数在0.523～1之间波动。