基于VFSMOD模型的黄土坡面生草带产流产沙动态模拟

利用微型径流小区和人工降雨试验,探讨运用VFSMOD模型评估和预测引入不同草种生草带后黄土坡面产流产沙动态特征的可行性。通过土壤物理性质参数和生草带生长状态参数的差异,模型还原了黄土坡面引入白三叶生草带与百脉根生草带后产流产沙特征的差异及其随生长时期的变化,模拟效果可靠,纳什系数:0.93(径流系数),0.98(修正后产沙量);归一化均方根误差:6.2%(径流系数),10.9%(修正后产沙量)。当生草带在降雨集中期(如本研究中百脉根草带9月上旬)不能保证较好的生长状态和地表覆盖时,其坡面产沙量急剧增大,且明显大于VFSMOD模型模拟值。在实际生草带设计时,应避免该情况发生。综上,VFSMOD模型适用于引入生草带后黄土坡面产流、产沙量的模拟和预测。     

引入地形因子的黑土区大豆干生物量遥感反演模型及验证

为了对田块尺度农作物地上干生物量进行估测,提高大豆地上干生物量反演模型的精度和稳定性,该文获取了研究区地块2016年7、8月份的SPOT-6多光谱数据,并测定不同地形坡位的大豆地上干生物量,以归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)和增强型植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)为输入量,建立田块尺度大豆地上干生物量一元线性回归模型;加入与地上干生物量相关的地形因子,建立逐步多元回归和神经网络多层感知反演模型.结果表明:1)使用传统的单一植被指数模型预测大豆地上干生物量有可行性,但模型精度和稳定性不高.2)加入地形因子(海拔、坡度、坡向)的神经网络多层感知器模型,有较高的精度和可靠性,模型准确度达到90.4％,验证结果显示预估精度为96.2％.反演结果与地块的地形、地貌、气温和降水特征基本吻合,反映了作物长势的空间分布特征,可以为田块尺度大豆地上干生物量动态监测和精准管理,提供借科学依据.     

小麦-玉米周年水肥一体化增产效应

为探明小麦-玉米周年水肥利用效应,在农业部作物高效用水原阳科学实验站进行小麦-玉米周年水肥一体化研究。试验肥料设置底施、1次追施和2次追施,水分设置1水、2水和3水,每次灌水450 m3/hm2。结果表明:补充灌溉与追肥相结合对小麦、玉米的生长发育具有积极效果,其中小麦穗长增加0.2~0.8 cm,穗粒数增加2~10粒,千粒质量增加2~9 g,成穗数增加9万~57万穗/hm2;玉米穗长增加0.48~1.82 cm,行粒数增加2.0~8.4粒,5穗穗粒质量增加15~374 g,百粒质量增加2.0~13.0 g。同时,补充灌溉和追肥处理较对照小麦增产9.85%~37.93%,与一次性底施肥处理相比,相应补充灌溉+追肥处理增产9.92%~25.66%,以3水2肥效果最好;与1次追肥处理相比,相应2次追肥增产3.95%~6.11%,以2水2肥效果最好。与对照、相应1次性底施肥和1次追肥处理相比,玉米产量分别增加11.05%~46.62%、18.71%~32.03%和2.8%~5.42%;小麦玉米综合产量分别增加10.46%~42.36%、14.37%~28.87%和3.34%~5.75%,与小麦增产趋势一致。小麦玉米综合灌水利用效率较对照增加0.95~5.41 kg/m3,较一次性底施肥0.56~3.81 kg/m3,较1次追肥提高0.35~0.67 kg/m3,均以1水2肥处理最好。因此,节水增产的最佳配置为2水2肥和1水2肥。     

Anti-stress effects of Glycine tomentella Hayata in tilapia: inhibiting COX-2 expression and enhancing EPA synthesis in erythrocyte membrane and fish growth

The objective of this study was to elucidate the in vivo effects of the ethanol extract of wooly Glycine tomentella Hayata (GTE) root on tilapia to elucidate whether GTE has antistress activity. Tilapia as an animal model were fed with or without GTE, then injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or ammonium chloride (NH(4)Cl). The tilapia were exposed to 100 mg/L of aqueous NH(4)Cl, and/or acute cold stress. Growth parameters of the tilapia were measured during the feeding trials. Tilapia injected with GTE (20 μg/g of fish), NH(4)Cl (100 μg/g of fish) and/or LPS (1 μg/g of fish) were then sampled 2 h poststimulation. GTE significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 expression and hemoglobin (Hb) dimer formation (36 kDa). GTE also improved growth and blood viscosity and upregulated eicosapentaenoic acid content of erythrocytes. The in vivo results indicated that GTE (20 μg/g of fish) can be applied as a stress-tolerance enhancing agent for the aquaculture industry.     

华北土石山区不同林分结构与功能的研究

在调查北京八达岭林区刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)及其混交林生长量、土壤理化性质、水源涵养能力、病虫害的基础上,研究其结构与功能关系.结果表明,混交林比纯林具有更好的生长量,土壤理化性质得到进一步改善,从而提高水源涵养能力.另外,混交林还能够提高林分抵抗病虫害的能力.采用混交的方式为:1行刺槐3行侧柏循环混交,刺槐株数不超过1/4.本项研究以期对北京市森林健康经营具有一定的指导意义.     

论北京市耕地后备资源的开发可行性

在对北京市后备资源开发可行性标准进行探讨的基础上,分析了北京市后备资源的开发可行性。研究结果表明北京市后备资源开发面临着的资源质量、生态环境和经济可行性的三重制约。通过土地开发来实现北京市占补平衡不是明智之举。需要改变占补平衡“重开发、轻整理”的现状,使耕地保护的重心从以土地开发为主向以改造中低产田和高标准粮田建设为主要内容的土地整理转变。     

Influence of planting papaya ringspot virus resistant transgenic papaya on soil microbial biodiversity

To investigate the influence of papaya ringspot virus resistant transgenic papaya on soil microorganisms, upper (0-15 cm) and lower layers (15-30 cm) of soil samples were collected around transgenic papaya planting area and nontransgenic papaya planting area and from soils in which plants had not been grown. The moisture content, pH value, total organic carbon content, and total nitrogen content were not significantly different among groups. The populations of total count, fungi, and actinomycete were highest in upper layer soils around transgenic papaya planting area and lowest in lower layer soils in which plants had not been grown. The microbial populations were all higher in upper layer of soils. Amplified fragment length polymorphism, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses indicated that the similarity of soil microorganisms of upper layer soils around transgenic papaya planting area and around nontransgenic papaya planting area was >80%. A similar result was observed in lower layer soils. Thus, planting transgenic papayas does have a limited impact on soil microorganisms.     

柚子花芳香油超临界CO2萃取研究

介绍了新鲜柚子花中芳香性成分超临界CO2萃取分离工艺和分析检测方法,重点探讨了压力、温度、时间对萃取率的影响.应用正交试验优化得出:影响萃取的主次因素依次为为萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间;较佳工艺参数为:压力18MPa,温度50℃,时间90 min,流量25 L/min,得到超临界柚子花芳香油的萃取率高达2.7‰.应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪共鉴定出39个组分,占总芳香油的91.281%.通过对柚子花的深度加工研究,为开发高附加值的柚子花香精提供科学依据.     

Proteome response of Monascus pilosus during rice starch limitation with suppression of monascorubramine production

For centuries, red mold rice has been made by fermentation of cooked rice with Monascus species. However, the influence of different carbon sources on the metabolism of Monascus cells remains unclear. We compared the proteome response of Monascus pilosus to replacement of the rice starch fraction with lactose during cultivation, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry to identify the proteins expressed. The results showed that cell growth and monascorubramine pigment formation of M. pilosus were sensitive to rice starch limitation during cultivation. A total of 12 proteins were identified with statistically altered expression in the cells cultivated with lactose. These deregulated proteins were involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle, energy generation, protein folding, and peptide biosynthesis. The possible metabolic flux shifts induced by rice starch limitation were discussed. The results suggested that the suppression of monascorubramine formation could be related to the necessary energy-requiring adaptations executed in response to carbon depletion during rice starch limitation.     

50年来太湖水网地区城市化空间过程的监测与模拟 Ⅰ宜兴城区城市用地扩展的遥感监测

长期以来,由于历史数据的缺乏,很难获得解放后我国城市扩展的完整过程。本研究在遥感、地理信息系统技术支持下,采用7个时期的航空图片和卫星数据,分别对宜兴市194 9、196 6、1981、1984、1992、1996和2 0 0 0年的城区范围和耕地被占用情况进行监测。结果表明,5 0多年来宜兴城区面积从1 5km2 扩展到13 5km2 ,翻了3番多;城市扩展过程呈现两个阶段,即194 9～1984年的缓慢扩展阶段和1985～2 0 0 0年的快速扩展阶段,前一阶段年均扩展速度仅3% ,而后一阶段年均扩展速度达到2 1% ;各个时期城市扩展占用的土地中90 %以上是高质量的耕地,表明城市扩展成为耕地流失的主要因素之一。相关分析显示,城市扩展与工业发展关系最密切,工业发展为城区扩展提供了动力,而城区面积与第三产业比重的相关系数在三个产业中是最高的,表明宜兴城区成为该县第三产业的主要聚集地。从空间扩展过程来看,宜兴城区1984年以前沿着老城区零散填充式扩展,此后沿着公路快速扩展,并逐渐呈块状填充式扩展。由于宜兴处于苏南水网发达地区,水系严重制约了城市扩展的方向,而道路和桥梁建设则导引城市扩展方向