Experimental and theoretical studies of the thermal degradation of a phenolic dibenzodioxocin lignin model

A large part of biphenyl structures in lignin are etherified by α- and β-carbons of another phenylpropane unit to give an eight-member ring called dibenzodioxocin. The behavior of a phenolic dibenzodioxocin lignin model, 4-(4,9-dimethoxy-2,11-n-dipropyl-6,7-dihydro-5,8-dioxa-dibenzo[a,c]cycloocten-6-yl)-2-methoxyphenol (DBDOH, 1), was studied by different mass spectrometry and thermal methods, leading to the conclusion that dibenzodioxocins are thermally unstable products. Both semi-empirical and density functional theory quantum calculations show that both C–O bonds, which connect the biphenyl part of the dibenzodioxocin molecule to the phenolic group, can be broken under increasing temperature. However, they do not play the same role since their dissociation occurs through different barrier heights. The C–O bond directly connected to the phenolic group (α–O-4) will dissociate first since its barrier energy for scission is lower than the other one (β–O-4), by roughly 12 kcal mol^–1 (≈50 kJ mol^?1). This conclusion is likely applicable to thermal degradation of DBDO units in lignin polymer.     

Modelling the β-amylase activity during red sorghum malting when Bacillus subtilis is used to control mould growth

Steeping in dilute alkaline (0.2% NaOH) followed by resteeping in biocontrol (starters of Bacillus subtilis S499) has been used during red sorghum malting. The effect of steeping and germination conditions has been described using 2 functions: a Weibull 4-parameter model combined with a General Linear Model with Logarithm Link with significant goodness. Steeping conditions (combined use of NaOH and B. subtilis S499) affects the synthesis capacity of grain: when B. subtilis culture used in the steeping step is diluted, ln α increases, suggesting a loss of treatment efficacy. The germination temperature affects the β-amylase synthesis rate during the induction phase: the germination temperature increase is accompanied by a decrease of the β-amylase synthesis rate. During the repression phase of β-amylase synthesis, the effect of malting conditions was found to taper.     

寄主植物挥发物与粘虫板对林间苹小吉丁引诱效果评价

【目的】评价植物挥发性物质对苹小吉丁Agrilus mali Masumura林间引诱效果,为有效地监测苹小吉丁林间发生动态及成虫诱杀为主的绿色防控提供技术支撑。【方法】在野外苹果园内悬挂4种波长粘虫板与5种挥发物组合,评价林间引诱苹小吉丁效果。【结果】4种颜色粘虫板与5种挥发物组合对苹小吉丁在林间的引诱效果存在显著差异,其中顺-3-己烯醇分别与蛋黄色和浅绿色粘虫板组合对苹小吉丁的引诱效果较强,3 d 最大引诱数量分别达到66.00、63.00头/张,3 d 平均引诱数量分别为24.67、22.48头/张,与其它挥发物相比均有显著差异(P<0.05),雌虫的诱捕数量明显高于雄虫。苹小吉丁引诱数量在一定剂量范围内,随着挥发物剂量的增加呈现降低趋势。【结论】苹小吉丁对蛋黄色粘虫板与浅绿色粘虫板具有较好的趋向性,顺-3-己烯醇对粘虫板具有增效作用。蛋黄色或浅绿色粘虫板与顺-3-己烯醇组合,可作为苹小吉丁林间种群动态监测的手段。     

野苹果枝条主要营养成分对苹小吉丁幼虫发育的影响

【目的】研究苹小吉丁(Agrilus mali Matsumura)幼虫生长发育对野苹果被害枝条韧皮部主要营养成分影响及其变化规律。【方法】研究苹小吉丁与野苹果枝条营养成分之间的关系,对野苹果枝条韧皮部和木质部的苹小吉丁幼虫定点定时调查其不同时间段的发育情况,测定幼虫所处的不同部位主要营养成分含量。【结果】在枝条韧皮部内越冬的幼虫5月下旬至6月初开始蛀入木质部化蛹,未蛀入木质部的部分幼虫从6月下旬至8月下旬期间出现自然死亡,尤其是7月中旬后自然死亡率上升到45%以上;经对幼虫所处韧皮部不同阶段主要营养成分含量测定发现,受害韧皮部主要营养成分含量均低于健康韧皮部,幼虫危害期的延续可溶性糖、还原性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白含量分别从6月下旬的38.68、18.37、9.47、19.57 mg/g下降到8月下旬的17.5、12.15、9.47、16.6 mg/g,幼虫自然死亡率与韧皮部主要营养成分含量进行相关性分析(P＜0.05),两者为负相关性;而受害木质部主要营养成分含量均高于健康韧皮部,幼虫危害期的延续可溶性糖、还原性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白含量分别从6月下旬的12.13、3.91、3.73、12.2 mg/g上升到8月下旬的19.26、14.10、4.20、17.50 mg/g,幼虫自然死亡率与木质部主要营养成分含量相关性分析(P＜0.05),两者为正相关。【结论】野苹果受害部位枝条韧皮部的可溶性糖、还原性糖、可溶性蛋白含量下降是影响幼虫正常发育的主要因素,致使6月下旬至8月下旬幼虫难以蛀入木质部而大量死亡,可作为苹小吉丁林间种群数量变动的重要参数。     

Growth,nutrient utilization,oxidative condition,and element composition of juvenile red sea bream <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagrus major</Emphasis> fed with fermented soybean meal and scallop by-product blend as fishmeal replacement

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented soybean meal and scallop by-product blend (3:2) (FP) on the performance of juvenile red sea bream. Five isocaloric diets were prepared by replacing 0% (FP0), 15% (FP15), 30% (FP30), 45% (FP45), and 60% (FP60) fishmeal (FM) protein with FP, respectively. Triplicate groups of fish (initial mean weight 2.83 g) were fed the test diets for 45 days in a flowthrough seawater system. The results demonstrated that growth rates of fish fed FP0, FP15, and FP30 were similar, and significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of FP45 and FP60. Nutrient utilization was significantly lower in FP60, with no differences found among the other groups. Dietary heavy-metal contents were affected by inclusion of FP, impacting on whole-body heavy-metal contents. In terms of oxidative stress, fish fed the FP30 diet were in the best condition, since this fish group showed the least oxidative-stressed condition as well as the highest tolerance against oxidation. In conclusion, the approach of utilizing this fermented mixture is promising and it could replace at least 30% FM protein in red sea bream diet without negative effects on performance, body composition or health of fish.     

Towards the development of a standardized method to monitor lakeshore hydromorphological restoration measures

相似文献   

Effect of replacing fishmeal with canola meal on growth and nutrient utilization in kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate)

A feeding trial was conducted to assess the nutritional values of canola meal as a substitute for fishmeal in diets for kuruma shrimp using five isocaloric diets (190 kJ kg^?1) prepared by replacing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of fishmeal protein with canola meal protein in CM0, CM10, CM20, CM30 and CM40 diets respectively. Triplicate groups of juveniles (0.19 g) were fed the respective diets for 60 days in tanks. At the end of trial, weight gain (%) and specific growth rate (% day^?1) were not significantly (P > 0.05) different among shrimp fed CM0, CM10 and CM20 diets. However, growth was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in shrimp fed CM30 and CM40 diets. As with growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were also decreased (P < 0.05) in CM30 and CM40 groups. Whole body dry matter, methionine and proline were significantly decreased with canola meal substitution levels. In general, retention efficiency of protein and indispensible amino acids were decreased as canola meal increased in diets. It may be concluded that 20% fishmeal protein can be successfully replaced with canola meal, while supplementation of amino acids or blending with complementary proteins could facilitate higher fishmeal replacements in kuruma shrimp diets.     

几种杀螨剂防治枣树土耳其斯坦螨药效研究

[目的]通过防治枣树土耳其斯坦螨的药效试验,筛选高效,低毒的新型杀螨剂及合理使用剂量,从而达到有效控制枣树上土耳其斯坦叶螨的目的.[方法]采用田间喷雾的药效试验方法.[结果]57;炔螨特乳油1 500、2 000倍处理,1.8;阿维菌素乳油l 500、2 000倍处理,10.5;阿维·哒螨灵乳油1 500倍处理,碧拓乳油(生物药剂).1 000倍处理对枣树土耳其斯坦螨叶螨起到较好的防治效果,且对枣树安全.[结论]防治枣树土耳其斯坦螨可选用试验筛选出的以上4种药剂加水喷雾防治,对枣树土耳其斯坦螨均表现了良好的防效.     

Determination of organic acids in tissues and exudates of maize, lupin, and chickpea by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

This article describes a fast and simple methodology for the extraction and determination of organic acids in tissues and root exudates of maize, lupin, and chickpea by LC/MS/MS. Its main advantage is that it does not require sample prepurification before HPLC analysis or sample derivatization to improve sensibility. The results obtained showed good precision and accuracy, a recovery close to 100%, and no significant matrix effect. Moreover, the sensibility of the method is in general better than that of previously described methodologies, with detection limits between 15 and 900 pg injected.