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91.
Ryan A. Davis David Huggins R. James Cook Timothy C. Paulitz 《Soil & Tillage Research》2008,101(1-2):37-43
Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat can be a problem in no-till systems, especially during the transition from conventional tillage. There are no effective chemical controls or resistant varieties, leaving only cultural methods to manage this disease. In a no-till system, residue and inoculum of soilborne pathogens are not moved by cultivation, therefore the inoculum may be concentrated in the seeding row of the previous year. Using GPS tracking systems with sub-meter accuracy, the seeding row could be placed away from the row of the previous year. We tested the hypothesis that seeding away from the relic row may reduce Rhizoctonia root rot. In two field experiments, plants were sampled at three distances from the seed row, as well as from fumigated plots. Intact soil cores were also removed from the field, planted with seeds at various distances from the previous row, and grown in the greenhouse under controlled conditions. Pasteurized cores served as controls. Disease levels were higher in the field in the second year, but there was no consistent effect of seed row placement on disease or plant parameters. However, soil fumigation and pasteurization had significant effects, indicating that soilborne pathogens were active. Inoculum of Rhizoctonia is not produced in the crowns and lower stems of the plant, but the pathogen survives in living and dead roots of the previous year crop, volunteers, and grassy weeds. Thus, high inoculum densities may be present in between the relic rows, as well as within the rows. If this is the situation with Rhizoctonia, precision placement of seed rows would not be efficacious. 相似文献
92.
Clayton T Larue Joel E Ream Xuefeng Zhou Farhard Moshiri Arlene Howe Michael Goley Oscar C Sparks Steven T Voss Erin Hall Christine Ellis Janice Weihe Qungang Qi Daniela Ribeiro Xiaoping Wei Shirley Guo Artem G Evdokimov Marguerite J Varagona James K Roberts 《Pest management science》2020,76(3):1031-1038
93.
Lowenberg-DeBoer James Huang Iona Yuelu Grigoriadis Vasileios Blackmore Simon 《Precision Agriculture》2020,21(2):278-299
Precision Agriculture - This study reviewed research published after 1990 on the economics of agricultural mechatronic automation and robotics, and identified research gaps. A systematic search was... 相似文献
94.
Vimal Nair Min Cheol Kim James A. Golen Arnold L. Rheingold Gabriel A. Castro Paul R. Jensen William Fenical 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
A new cytotoxic thiodepsipeptide, verrucosamide (1), was isolated along with the known, related cyclic peptide thiocoraline, from the extract of a marine-derived actinomycete, a Verrucosispora sp., our strain CNX-026. The new peptide, which is composed of two rare seven-membered 1,4-thiazepane rings, was elucidated by a combination of spectral methods and the absolute configuration was determined by a single X-ray diffraction study. Verrucosamide (1) showed moderate cytotoxicity and selectivity in the NCI 60 cell line bioassay. The most susceptible cell lines were MDA-MB-468 breast carcinoma with an LD50 of 1.26 µM, and COLO 205 colon adenocarcinoma with an LD50 of 1.4 µM. Also isolated along with verrucosamide were three small 3-hydroxy(alkoxy)-quinaldic acid derivatives that appear to be products of the same biosynthetic pathway. 相似文献
95.
选取北京某优质农产品种植公司的6月中旬、12月下旬2条具有代表性的鲜切生菜供应链为研究对象,对整个链条温度波动规律分别进行为期7d的实地考察测量;并根据调研的温度曲线,在实验室条件下模拟供应链温度,测定鲜切生菜的微生物含量变化.研究结果显示,2条供应链温度都呈现出较大波动性:6月中旬实际供应链温度波动范围为在1.2~24.1℃,12月下旬为-6.1~16.2℃;运输过程温度波动较小,装车卸货等环节温度波动较明显.实验室模拟条件下得到的鲜切生菜微生物含量变化规律与供应链温度波动曲线存在正相关性,相关系数6月中旬0.849 77,12月下旬为0.847 99. 相似文献
96.
1996—2001年的六年间,全球转基因作物种植面积增加了30多倍,从1996年的170万hm2增加到了2001年的5260万hm2。其中发展中国家为1350万hm2,发达国家转基因作物增加的种植面积(560万hm2)是发展中国家(280万hm2)的2倍。2001年,四个国家占据了全球转基因作物种植面积的99%,其中美国为3570万hm2(占68%),阿根廷为1180万hm2(占22%),加拿大320万hm2(占6%),中国150万hm2(占3%)。中国的年增长率最高,抗虫棉的种植面积从2000年的50万hm2增加… 相似文献
97.
Ecological effects of climate fluctuations 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Stenseth NC Mysterud A Ottersen G Hurrell JW Chan KS Lima M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5585):1292-1296
Climate influences a variety of ecological processes. These effects operate through local weather parameters such as temperature, wind, rain, snow, and ocean currents, as well as interactions among these. In the temperate zone, local variations in weather are often coupled over large geographic areas through the transient behavior of atmospheric planetary-scale waves. These variations drive temporally and spatially averaged exchanges of heat, momentum, and water vapor that ultimately determine growth, recruitment, and migration patterns. Recently, there have been several studies of the impact of large-scale climatic forcing on ecological systems. We review how two of the best-known climate phenomena-the North Atlantic Oscillation and the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation-affect ecological patterns and processes in both marine and terrestrial systems. 相似文献
98.
Nimesha Fernando Joe Panozzo Michael Tausz Robert M. Norton Glenn J. Fitzgerald Samuel Myers Cassandra Walker James Stangoulis Saman Seneweera 《Journal of Cereal Science》2012
We investigated wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain quality under Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) of 550 ± 10% CO2 μmol mol−1. In each of two full growing seasons (2008 and 2009), two times of sowing were compared, with late sowing designed to mimic high temperature during grain filling. Grain samples were subjected to a range of physical, nutritional and rheological quality assessments. Elevated CO2 increased thousand grain weight (8%) and grain diameter (5%). Flour protein concentration was reduced by 11% at e[CO2], with the highest reduction being observed at the late time of sowing in 2009, (15%). Most of the grain mineral concentrations decreased under e[CO2] - Ca (11%), Mg (7%), P (11%) and S (7%), Fe (10%), Zn (17%), Na (19%), while total uptake of these nutrients per unit ground area increased. Rheological properties of the flour were altered by e[CO2] and bread volume reduced by 7%. Phytate concentration in grains tended to decrease (17%) at e[CO2] while grain fructan concentration remained unchanged. The data suggest that rising atmospheric [CO2] will reduce the nutritional and rheological quality of wheat grain, but at high temperature, e[CO2] effects may be moderated. Reduced phytate concentrations at e[CO2] may improve bioavailability of Fe and Zn in wheat grain. 相似文献
99.
Douglas R. Tocher John D. Castell James R. Dick John R. Sargent 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1994,13(6):451-461
The direct effects of osmotic pressure (salinity) on growth performance and lipid composition were investigated in fish cells
in culture. Cell lines from a relatively stenohaline marine species, turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) (TF) and an anadromous species, Atlantic salmon (AS) were cultured in media supplemented with NaCl to produce osmotic pressures
varying from 300 to 500 mOsm kg−1. The growth rates of the two cell lines were affected in a similar manner by the salinity of the media with the rank order
for both peak cell numbers and growth rates up to the day of peak cell number being 300 > 350 > 400 > 450 > 500 mOsm kg−1. Cell death occurred in both cell lines in older cultures at all salinities with the greatest loss of viable cells in media
of 300 and 350 kg−1. However, there were quantitative and qualitative differences between the cell lines in their lipid metabolism in response
to the salinity of the media. The lipid content expressed per cell showed a positive correlation between lipid per cell and
salinity in TF cells, but this was less apparent in AS cells. The percentage of total polar lipid classes increased with increasing
salinity in TF cells due mainly to graded increases in the percentages of choline phospholipids. In contrast, there were no
significant differences in the proportions of polar and neutral lipid classes with salinity in AS cells. The only significant
effect of salinity in AS cells was a decreased proportion of dimethylacetals in total lipid at the highest salinity. The same
significant effect of salinity on dimethylacetal content of total lipid was observed in TF cells. However, in addition there
was a graded decrease in the percentage of 18:2n-9 in TF cell total lipid with increasing salinity. This was accompanied by
increased percentages of total n-3 and n-6 PUFA with higher proportions of both groups of PUFA at 450 and 500 compared with
300 mOsm kg−1. The results show that environmental salinity, in the absence of hormonal or other physiological stimuli, has direct effects
on the growth and lipid metabolism of fish cells and that these effects differ in cells from different fish species. 相似文献
100.
Chin Soon Lionel Ng Tai Chong Toh Kok Ben Toh James Guest Loke Ming Chou 《Aquaculture Research》2014,45(11):1852-1860
The dietary habits of the sea urchin Salmacis sphaeroides and the gastropod Trochus maculatus in ex situ mariculture were examined. Fouling algal assemblages on terracotta tiles were exposed to the grazers and compared. Except for Day 0, the assemblages on Days 2, 13 and 27 differed significantly across treatments. S. sphaeroides rapidly consumed most algae, leaving an assemblage dominated by turf algae and bare tile. T. maculatus primarily fed on green filamentous algae, resulting in an even distribution of other algal functional groups, while control tiles were dominated by green filamentous algae. Using three representative fouling algae species (Bryopsis corymbosa, Hypnea spinella and Lobophora variegata), the consumption rates of both grazers and dietary preferences of S. sphaeroides were examined through a single‐diet and a choice experiment respectively. The single‐diet experiment revealed differential algal consumption rates for S. sphaeroides (H. spinella = B. corymbosa > L. variegata) and T. maculatus (B. corymbosa > H. spinella = L. variegata). The choice experiment showed that S. sphaeroides preferred H. spinella over the other two species. These experiments highlighted the importance of understanding the dietary habits of grazers as this has direct implications on their effectiveness as biological controls of fouling macroalgae in mariculture. 相似文献