Effects of the severity and timing of basal leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines

The effects of the severity and timing of leaf removal(LR) on the amino acids of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines were studied during the 2017 growing season. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to analyze the amino acids profiles of grape berries and wines. The basal leaves were removed at three time points(40, 56 and 72 days after flowering, named LR40, LR56 and LR72, respectively) at two severity levels(one at which the first, third, and fifth basal leaves of each shoot were removed(50% level); and another at which the first six basal leaves were removed(100% level)). The results showed that leaf removal had little impact on total soluble solids(°Brix), titratable acidity, pH or berry weight. The LR72-50% treated grapes had higher berry weight, titratable acidity and °Brix than those of the other treatments. The highest concentrations of total amino acids and of total amino acids except proline were detected in LR72-50% treated grapes(2 952.58 and 2 764.36 mg L~(-1), respectively); the lowest were detected in LR72-100% treated grapes(2 172.82 and 2 038.71 mg L~(-1), respectively). LR72-50% treatment significantly promoted the synthesis of aspartic acid, serine, arginine, alanine, aminobutyric acid and proline at both severity levels for grapes, the concentrations of all of these amino acids were increased relative to the control concentrations. The LR72-50%, LR40-100% and LR72-100% treated wines had higher total amino acids concentrations and higher concentrations of some individual amino acids, such as arginine, alanine and serine, than did the control wines. Of all the amino acids studied, glycine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine and lysine were not significantly influenced by the timing or severity basal defoliation in grapes and wines. The present study reveals the effects of the timing and severity of leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of grapes and wines.     

Increased N fertilizer input enhances CH4 and N2O emissions from soil amended with low amount of milk vetch residues

Paddy and Water Environment - The combined use of chemical N fertilizer and crop residue could influence greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture. A pot experiment was performed to examine the...     

2010年中国小麦市场回顾与2011年行情展望

全球谷物市场在2011年春节期间的整体走势可谓异常火爆．从节后郑州强麦期货市场首日涨停的“飞天舞”．到国际市场上饲用和优质小麦、期货和现货小麦价格的“比翼双飞”组合．使得国内农户更倾向于挺价待涨。其主要利多题材来自于2010年全球范围内多发的灾害性天气．     

成渝地区葡萄园营养状况初步研究与分析

在成渝地区具有代表性的葡萄园内进行了叶样和土样采集分析,结果表明:与标准值对比,大部分葡萄园内叶片中营养元素P与Mg含量水平较低,微量元素Mn与Fe含量水平则偏高；在大量使用有机肥的葡萄园内,土壤中速效性的营养元素N、P、K含量水平相对较高.     

基于最优经济增长的中国各省区碳排放权盈亏分析

在“共同但有区别的责任”原则下,综合考虑人均累计碳排放相等和差别原则,将中国碳排放划分为历史(1995-2010年)和未来(2011-2050年)两个时期,设计并分析中国各省区的减排框架.结果表明:1)历史时期,中国各省碳排放权呈北亏损,南盈余的基本分布格局;2)未来时期,中国各省碳排放权的分布格局变化不大,但亏损和盈余中心的亏损或盈余比重上升;3)两时期内,东部地区盈余比重显著上升,中部地区亏损比重显著上升;西部地区盈余比重显著下降.     

基于核糖体DNA第二内部转录间隔区(ITS2)序列鉴定四季青及其近缘种和混伪品

中药材四季青(Ilicis Chinensis Folium)的基原植物冬青(Ilex chinensis)是重要的园林观赏物种。利用DNA条形码技术可以快速、准确鉴定四季青及其近缘种和混伪品。本研究以冬青、铁冬青(Ilex rotunda)、秤星树(Ilex asprella)、枸骨(Ilex cornuta)和女贞(Ligustrum lucium)等37份植物样本为实验材料,提取全基因组DNA,扩增核糖体DNA第二内部转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer 2,ITS2)序列并进行双向测序。测序结果利用Codon Code Aligner 4.2.7进行序列拼接,获得高质量ITS2序列。同时从Gen Bank中获得28条冬青的同属近缘种以及混伪品女贞、四川山矾(Symplocos setchuensis)的ITS2序列。基于隐马尔科夫模型(hidden Markov model,HMM)注释5.8S和28S,获得完整的ITS2区域,进而应用MEGA6.0(molecular evolutionary genetics analysis)进行冬青种间和种内序列分析,计算种内种间K2P(Kimura 2-parameter)遗传距离,构建邻接树(neighbor-joining tree,NJ tree)。结果表明,琼脂糖凝胶电泳得到清晰明亮的均一条带,说明利用通用的ITS2引物可以成功扩增到用于测序的PCR产物。通过PCR产物测序、数据处理和序列分析可知,冬青种内ITS2长度经过比对后为239 bp,全部样品的种间ITS2比对后长度为269 bp。冬青种内有4个变异位点以及6个单倍型,种间有143个变异位点,远远多于其种内变异位点。MEGA6.0分析结果表明,种间最小K2P遗传距离(0.094)大于种内最大K2P遗传距离(0.013)。邻接树显示,女贞和四川山矾分别以100%的自展支持率分别聚类,表现出良好的单系性,冬青属物种聚为一大支。冬青在冬青属下可以单独聚为一支,可以进行区分。冬青属其他物种以同一亚属聚为一支。研究结果表明,作为一种快速、准确、简便的分子生物学鉴定方法,ITS2可以应用于冬青及其近缘种和混伪品的鉴定,同时对于准确鉴定冬青属物种亦有巨大潜力,可为冬青属植物在临床上的用药安全和开发应用提供科学依据。     

多不饱和脂肪酸的生物学功能及其在动物生产中的应用

多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)是一种重要的营养物质,是细胞膜磷脂的重要组成成分,在生物系统中具有广泛的生物学功能,能够调节机体的脂类代谢、免疫,具有抗癌、预防和治疗心血管疾病、促进机体生长发育以及调控基因的表达等功能。本文就多不饱和脂肪酸的来源及生物学功能进行阐述,并浅谈了多不饱和脂肪酸在动物生产中的应用现状及前景。