荞麦产品加工现状分析与建议

近年来人们对健康和养生越发关注,荞麦作为一种药食同源的小宗杂粮,具有很高的营养价值,得到了越来越多的重视。目前市场上已有荞麦面粉、荞麦米、荞麦挂面等荞麦制品,但产品的种类不够丰富,且没有充分发挥出荞麦药食同源的保健作用。本文介绍了荞麦的营养价值,并在分析荞麦产品加工现状的基础上,指出了荞麦产品加工方面存在的不足,并对荞麦加工的未来发展提出了一些建议。     

西葫芦新品种‘京葫36’的选育

‘京葫36’是北京市农林科学院蔬菜研究中心育成的耐寒、适宜长季节栽培的越冬温室专用西葫芦杂交1代新品种,父母本分别为‘07754’和‘0421’。该品种长势旺盛、生长期长、耐低温弱光、株型合理、通风透光性好;低温弱光条件下连续结瓜能力强,瓜码密、产量高,采瓜期可达200 d以上;商品瓜长23~24 cm,粗6~7 cm,瓜条长柱形、粗细均匀,颜色翠绿,光泽度好,品质佳,商品性突出。适合北方越冬温室与春秋大棚种植。2014年5月通过山西省农作物品种审定委员会认定;2017年获得植物新品种权保护。     

基于主成分分析和Copula函数的灌溉水利用系数影响因素研究

以新疆生产建设兵团第十二师中型灌区为研究对象,采用首尾法测算2018年和2019年4个样点灌区的灌溉水利用系数,在采用主成分分析法对指标体系降维处理的基础上,用Copula函数构建PCA-Copula评价分析方法,对灌溉水利用系数各影响因素的影响程度和影响规律进行计算分析。结果表明：两年测算数据表明,4个样点灌区灌溉水利用系数都在0.63以上,且最大值达到0.668,分别高于同期全疆、全国平均水平5.05%、10.15%;主成分分析得出,渠道衬砌率（0.944）、滴灌灌溉面积比（0.746）、作物需水量（0.635）、实际灌溉面积（0.734）等都具有超过60%的正贡献率,而葡萄种植比（-0.586）和灌区毛灌溉用水量（-0.645）等具有超过58%的负贡献率。利用PCA-Copula分析评估方法得出,作物种植比例和节水灌溉工程状况对十二师中型灌区灌溉水有效利用系数影响显著（P<0.05）,其中葡萄净灌溉定额和灌区毛灌溉用水量对灌溉水有效利用系数的影响极其显著（P<0.01）,相关系数分别为0.875、0.742,同时利用Spearman等级相关系数检验法和线型回归来检验PCA-Copula评价法与熵值法的密切程度,检验结果其相关系数分别为 0.87（P＜0.05）和0. 52（P＜0.001）,表明PCA-Copula评价方法适用于研究灌溉水利用系数影响因素。     

基于InVEST模型的祁连山国家级自然保护区土壤保持现状与功能

运用InVEST模型,对甘肃祁连山自然保护区土壤保持现状与功能进行了定量评估,分析了不同土地利用、海拔高度、坡度以及土壤类型下的保土状况。结果表明:2015年甘肃祁连山自然保护区土壤侵蚀量与土壤保持量分别为1. 67×10^8t、4.21×10^8t。从侵蚀面积来看,保护区以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,占总面积的63.95%;虽草地的土壤保持能力弱于其他自然植被类型,但草地是土壤保持总量最高的土地利用类型;不同海拔梯度下的土壤保持总量随海拔增加呈现先增后减的趋势,保护区内海拔2 500~3 500 m的土壤保持功能最好;栗钙土的土壤保持量最高,黑毡土在草原土壤类型中土壤保持强度较低;坡度为15°~25°的区域土壤保持量最大,占土壤保持总量的31.93%;甘肃祁连山保护区生态系统减少泥沙淤积和减少土地废弃的价值分别为5. 76×10^8元和1. 44×10^8元,保护区内林草地保肥价值为9. 03×10^10元。     

Effects of different active constituents of Gynostemma pentaphyllum on mitochondrial energy metabolism-related proteins in endothelial cells induced by ox-LDL

AIM To investigate the effects of different components of Gynostemma pentaphyllum ［gypenosides (Gps), gypenoside XLIX (GpXLIX) and ginsenoside Rb3 (GRb3)］ on mitochondrial energy metabolism-related proteins in endothelial cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). METHODS EA.hy926 cells were divided into control group, model group, Gps group, GpXLIX group and GRb3 group. The cells in control group were cultured only in DMEM complete medium. The cells in model group were treated with 100 mg/L ox-LDL for 48 h. The cells in Gps group, GpXLIX group and GRb3 group were treated with 100 mg/L ox-LDL for 24 h, and then treated with Gps, GpXLIX and GRb3 at 100 mg/L for another 24 h, respectively. The ATP content in each group was detected by ELISA. The expression levels of mitochondrial energy metabolism-related proteins, cytochrome C oxidase subunit 5a （Cox5a）, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1 （Ndufs1）, ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha (ATP5a) and cytochrome C (Cyt C）, were determined by Wes automatic Western blot quantitative analysis system and Western blot. RESULTS Compared with control group, the ATP content in model group was decreased (P<0.01). After drug intervention, the ATP content increased to different degrees in Gps group, GpXLIX group and GRb3 group (P<0.01). The results of Wes automatic Western blot quantitative analysis system were consistent with those of Western blot. These results showed that compared with control group, the protein expression of Cox5a, Ndufs1 and ATP5a in model group was decreased, and the protein expression of Cyt C was increased (P<0.01). After intervention, the protein expression of Cox5a, Ndufs1 and ATP5a was increased and the protein expression of Cyt C was decreased in Gps group, GpXLIX group and GRb3 group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Among them, the effect of Gps on the protein expression of Cox5a, Ndufs1 and Cyt C was significantly stronger than those of the 2 monomer components, and the effect of GRb3 was found to be superior in the 2 monomer components. The effect of GpXLIX on ATP5a protein was superior to the other 2 components. CONCLUSION Gynostemma total saponins and related active ingredients protect ox-LDL-induced endothelial cells by affecting mitochondrial energy metabolism-related proteins, thereby preventing and treating atherosclerosis.     

Effect of tanshinone ⅡA on liver lipid deposition and ferroptosis-related protein expression in ApoE-/- mice

AIM To observe the effect of tanshinone ⅡA on liver lipid deposition and ferroptosis-related protein expression in ApoE^-/- mice. METHODS Thirty-two ApoE^-/- mice were randomly divided into model group, high-dose (60 mg/kg) tanshinone ⅡA group, low-dose (30 mg/kg) tanshinone ⅡA group and simvastatin group, and C57BL/6J mice (n=8) were used as normal control group. The mice in normal control group were given the basic feeding, while the others were given high-fat diet. The mice in tanshinone ⅡA groups and simvastatin group were given corresponding drugs. The mice in normal control group and model group were intraperitoneally injected with equal volume of saline. Eight weeks later, the serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were tested by automatic biochemistry analyzer. The liver tissues were stained with HE and oil red O. The contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) in liver tissues of the mice were measured by commercially available kits. The liver glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and p53 were detected by immunohistochemical method. The protein and mRNA expression levels of ferroptosis-related factors GPX4, xCT/SLC7A11, p53 and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) were determined by Wes automatic Western blot quantitative analysis system and RT-qPCR. RESULTS Compared with normal control group, the serum levels of TC, TG and LDL-C in model group were increased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and HDL-C did not change significantly. The fat vacuoles were clearly visible in liver tissue. The content of ROS in liver tissue was increased significantly,and GSH was decreased significantly (P<0.01). The mRNA and protein expression levels of p53 were increased significantly, and GPX4, xCT/SLC7A11 and FTH1 were decreased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with model group, tanshinone ⅡA significantly decreased the serum levels of TC, TG and LDL-C (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and HDL-C did not change significantly. High-dose and low-dose tanshinoneⅡA also significantly decreased the degree of steatosis, and the size of lipid droplets. The content of ROS in liver tissues was decreased significantly, and GSH was increased significantly (P<0.01). The mRNA and protein expression levels of GPX4, xCT/SLC7A11 and FTH1 were increased significantly, and p53 were decreased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION Tanshinone ⅡA reduces liver lipid deposition and lipid peroxidation damage in ApoE^-/- mice, which may be related to the intervention of ferroptosis-related proteins in the liver cells.     

Role of IP3R in LH-EGFR-induced mouse oocyte meiotic resumption

AIM: To explore the effect of inositol 1, 4, 5-trisposphate receptor (IP₃R) in luteinizing hormone-epidermal growth factor receptor (LH-EGFR)-induced oocyte meiotic resumption. METHODS: Models of mouse cumulus-oocyte complexs (COCs) culture and follicle culture in vitro were generated to study the effects of 2-aminoethyl diphenyl borate (2-APB) and heparin (IP₃R specific inhibitors) on LH/EGF-induced oocyte meiotic resumption and EGF-induced cumulus cell expansion. Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of cumulus expansion-related factors. The changes of the intracellular calcium level were monitored using Fluo 3-AM, and the cGMP level was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: The inhibitors of IP₃R, 2-APB and heparin, dramatically reversed EGF-induced oocyte maturation (P<0.05) and decreased cGMP levels in COCs (P<0.05). In addition, 2-APB and heparin reversed EGF-induced cumulus expansion, and significantly inhibited EGF-induced cumulus expansion-related factor expression (P<0.05). The activation of IP₃R increased intracellular calcium level, and the study found that 2-APB and heparin dramatically reversed EGF-induced elevation of calcium level in cumulus cells (P<0.05). Follicular culture in vitro showed that 2-APB and heparin significantly reversed the LH-induced oocyte maturation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: LH-EGFR signaling pathway increases calcium level in cumulus cells through IP₃R, resulting in meiotic resumption.     

不同基质配比对温室番茄幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以番茄品种"福美十号"为材料,采用随机区组试验设计,研究不同基质配比对番茄幼苗生长与叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:采用A3[V(草炭)∶V(玉米秸秆)∶V(牛粪)∶V(食用菌下脚料)∶V(蛭石)=1∶2∶0.5∶0.5∶1]的基质配比,幼苗在出苗率、株高、茎粗、叶片数和根冠比等性状上表现最优,分别为98.25%、44.60 cm、0.50 cm、9.12片与7.95;叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSIⅡ)原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)与PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)的值在幼苗生长前期、中期和末期也均为最高,Fv/Fm值分别为0.82、0.74和0.79,Fv/Fo值分别为3.92、2.97和3.23;其叶片内丙二醛(MDA)含量最低为6.02μmol/g,其根系活力最强、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)与可溶性蛋白含量等指标最高,分别为158.26μg/(g·h)、386.23 U/g、6.26 U/(g·min)和0.203 mg/g,显著高于其他处理。说明采用处理A3的基质配比更适宜于番茄幼苗的生长。     

芝麻棒孢叶斑病病原菌鉴定与致病力比较

 为明确芝麻叶斑病病原菌及其致病力,本研究以河南不同地区芝麻上分离所得叶斑病分离物为研究对象,通过形态观察和分子鉴定探讨这些分离物的分类属性,并且进行离体叶片和活体茎杆接菌,进一步探究了不同菌株的致病力差异。结果显示分离所得的6株芝麻叶斑病分离物的菌落形态、生长速率和产孢量存在差异,分生孢子多数呈倒棍棒状,具隔膜,6个菌株的ITS序列与GenBank中Corynespora cassiicola的一致性达99%以上,结合形态特征与ITS序列将其鉴定为山扁豆生棒孢。室内人工接菌芝麻发现,这6个菌株的致病力存在显著的差异;在芝麻叶片上,20180909-03属强致病力菌株,20180821-01、20180909-05和20180824-01属中等致病力菌株,20180904-02-02和SF1-1属弱致病力菌株;在芝麻茎杆上,20180824-01致病力最强,其次是20180821-01、20180909-03和20180909-05,SF1-1和20180904-02-02致病力最弱。研究结果证明山扁豆生棒孢不同菌株在芝麻上的致病力存在明显的分化。