Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen im Verwandtschaftskreis vonTriticum L. undAegilops L. (Gramineae)

Zusammenfassung Bei 46 Arten der GattungenTriticum undAegilops wurden anatomische Untersuchungen im Bereich der Organe Wurzel, Halm, Blattspreite, Ährenspindel, Spelzen, Blüte und Karyopse mittels gefärbter Hand- bzw. Mikrotomschnitte vorgenommen. Bedingt durch die kleineren Sproßorgane vonAegilops ergaben sich dort oft geringere Zellgrößen. Häufig waren auch mit der Ploidiestufe korrelierte Merkmale anzutreffen. In einigen Fällen ließ sich der Einfluß bestimmter Arten bzw. Genome auf die Merkmalsausprägung der allopolyploiden Sippen deutlich nachweisen, wofür als besonders klares BeispielAegilops tauschii mit seinem Einfluß auf die hexaploiden Weizenarten und auf die SektionVertebrata der GattungAegilops zu nennen ist. Innerhalb der GattungTriticum konnte eine Beziehung der Weizenarten mit einem G-Genom zu den diploiden Arten dieser Gattung durch Merkmale aller Organe belegt werden, während mit den übrigen Weizenarten weniger Ähnlichkeit besteht. Ein Merkmal im Halmbereich gibt sogar einen Hinweis auf die mögliche Beteiligung vonTriticum urartu an der Evolution der Weizenarten mit dem G-Genom. Nach Blatt- und Spelzenmerkmalen lassen sich die meisten tetraploidenTriticum- Sippen. mit einem AB-Genom zwei verschiedenen Gruppen zuordnen. Die diploiden Weizenarten erwiesen sich als gut charakterisierbare Gruppe. Echte anatomische Unterschiede zwischen Wild- und Kulturweizen bestehen nur in Bezug auf die Brüchigkeit der Ährenspindel. Innerhalb der GattungAegilops stehen sich die SektionenSitopsis undAmblyopyrum sehr nahe und sind auch denTriticum- Sippen viel ähnlicher als die übrigen Vertreter ihrer Gattung. Ein genauerer Hinweis auf den möglichen Donor des B-Genoms läßt sich aber anhand der anatomischen Merkmale nicht geben. Im gesamten Verwandtschaftskreis vonTriticum undAegkilops nur einmal auftretende Merkmale sind sehr selten, jedoch gibt es in mehreren Gruppen relativ isoliert stehende Arten. Zahlreiche anatomische Merkmale sind durch eine so große infraspezifische Variationsbreite gekennzeichnet, daß sie keine phylogenetische Aussage erlauben.

---

Anatomical studies within the generaTriticum L. andAegilops L. (Gramineae)

Summary The anatomical characters of the root, culm, leaf lamina, ear rhachis, glume, palea, flower and caryopsis of 46Triticum andAegilops species were examined on the basis of coloured sections, made by hand or by microtome. Due to the smaller organ sizes ofAegilops also the cell sizes are mostly reduced in this genus. Often distinct character proved to be correlated with distinct ploidy levels. In some instances we were able to find a clear influence of distinct species or genomes on the characters of their alloploid taxa, e. g. an influence ofAegilops tauschii on the characters of the hexaploid wheat species and on the remaining species of sectionVertebrata ofAegilops. We found characters in all organs which point to a connection betweenTriticum species with genome G and the diploid wheats. The degree of similiarity to the other wheat species is much less strongly. One anatomical character of the culm indicates even a possible contribution ofTriticum urartu to the evolution of the wheat species with genome G. Most of the tetraploid species ofTriticum, genome AB, can be arranged into two different groups by means of leaf and glume characters. The diploid wheat species are a well characterized group. We were not able to find real anatomical differences between wild and cultivated wheat species besides the brittle ear rhachis. Within the genusAegilops the species of the sectionsSitopsis andAmblyopyrum resemble one another and theTriticum species much more than the other species ofAegilops. By anatomical characters it is not possible to indicate exactly the donor of genome B. Characters, which can be found only one time within the genera studied, are very seldom, but rather isolated species occur in several groups. Many anatomical characters are so variable even within the same species, that these characters can not be evaluated in phylogenetic respect.

---

- Triticum L. Aegilops L. (Gramineae)

46 Triticum Aegilops , , , , , . Aegilops . , . ; Aegilops tauschii Vertebrata Aegilops. Triticum , G, , . Triticum urartu , G. Triticum, AB, . , . . Aegilops Sitopsis Amblyopyrum; Triticum, . - , , . , Tritcum Aegilops — , , , . , .

---

---

Herrn Prof. Dr. Drs. h. c.Hans Stubbe zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Spelz (Triticum spelta L.), andere Kulturpflanzen und Unkräuter in der frühen Eisenzeit Mitteldeutschlands

Zusammenfassung Aus einer früheisenzeitlichen Vorratsgrube von Bösenburg (Kr. Eisleben) werden Reste von Kulturpflanzen und Unkräutern beschrieben. Gerste (Hordeum vulgare L. s. lat.) ist das vorherrschende Getreide. Daneben finden sich Emmer (Triticum dicoccon Schrank), Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.), Spelz (Triticum spelta L.), Rispenhirse (Panicum miliaceum L), Lein (Linum usitatissimum L.), Pferdebohne (Vicia faba L.) und Unkräutenals Beimischungen. Der Spelz konnte für Mitteldeutschland erstmalig nachgewiesen werden. Dieser Nachweis und eine Zusammenstellung weiterer Funde zeigen, daß diese Art in prähistorischer Zeit eine wesentlich weitere Verbreitung hatte als bisher angenommen wurde. Die erreichbaren prähistorischen, genetischen, landwirtschaftlichen und linguistischen Daten über den Spelz machen wahrscheinlich, daß die Art ebenso wie Gerste, Einkorn und Emmer in Südwest-Asien entstanden ist.

---

Summary Remains of cultivated plants and weeds of early iron age are described from Bösenburg near Eisleben (Central Germany). Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. s. lat.) is the predominant cereal. Emmer (Triticum dicoccon Schrank), einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.), spelt (Triticum spelta L.), millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), horse bean (Vicia faba L.), and weeds are found as admixture. Spelt was found in Central Germany for the first time. This find and a list of further finds prove a much more extensive prehistoric area of this species as assumed till now. The prehistoric, genetic, agricultural, and linguistic dates available on spelt show that this species originated in southwestern Asia as barley, einkorn and emmer.

---

am ¶rt;au - ( ), . (Hordeum vulgare L. s. lat.). ¶rt; (Triticum dicoccon Schrank), (T. monococcum L.), (T. spelta L.), (Panicum miliaceum L.), (Linum usitatissimum L.), ¶rt;¶rt; (Vicia faba L.) . . , , ¶rt; , ¶rt; . , , , ¶rt; , , , , - .

     

Reaktion von Tomaten auf den Befall mit Kartoffelzystennematoden

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - In Gewächshausversuchen mit der Ro1-anfälligen Tomatensorte ‘Harzfeuer’ und der Ro1-resistenten Tomatensorte ‘Sparta’...     

Prognostic factors in cats with feline panleukopenia

Background: Feline panleukopenia is a highly contagious and often lethal disease. Objective: The purpose of the study was to identify prognostic factors for survival of cats with panleukopenia. Animals: Between 1990 and 2007, 244 cats were diagnosed with panleukopenia in the Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Germany. Diagnosis was established by electron microscopy, polymerase chain reaction of feces or blood, antigen ELISA of feces, pathognomonic histopathological lesions at necropsy, or some combination of these procedures. Methods: Medical records of each cat were evaluated retrospectively. Results: Survival rate was 51.1%. No significant correlation was found between outcome and living conditions, age, vaccination status (unvaccinated versus one or more vaccines administered), or severity of clinical signs. However, of the vaccinated cats, none had received a vaccine later than 12 weeks of age as a kitten. Nonsurvivors had significantly lower leukocyte and thrombocyte counts at presentation compared with survivors. The relative risk of death for patients with <1,000/μL leukocytes was 1.77 times as high as in patients with a leukocyte count of 1,000–2,500/μL (P= .038), and 1.85 times as high as in patients with >2,500/μL leukocytes (P= .001). The likelihood of a fatal outcome was higher when serum albumin concentration was <30 g/L or serum potassium concentration <4 mmol/L. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Vaccination strategies that do not include vaccination of kittens beyond 12 weeks of age may not be adequate to prevent panleukopenia. Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypokalemia are negative prognostic factors in cats with panleukopenia.     

Effects of dietary horse beans (Vicia faba) on colostrum and milk composition and milk yield in sows

In an experiment sows received 0, 17 and 34% horse beans in the diet. Horse beans replaced the protein mixture (soybean meal, fishmeal, and meat and bone meal) by one half or in full.The composition of colostrum was altered by the dietary horse beans. An increase in dietary horse beans significantly reduced dry matter contents (P ≤ 0.05) and protein contents (P ≤ 0.001). As to the various protein fractions, total whey protein and albumin showed the greatest decline (P ≤ 0.001), followed by immunoglobulin (P ≤ 0.01) and beta lactoglobulins (P ≤ 0.05). Casein and alpha lactalbumin contents were not altered significantly.The total fat content of colostrum was not influenced by dietary horse beans, but the percentages of C 18:1 increased (P ≤ 0.001) and C 18:2 decreased (P ≤ 0.001) with increasing amounts of horse beans in the diet.The effect of horse beans on the composition of sow milk was insignificant, although there was a tendency to higher dry matter and protein content in milk from sows fed diets without horse beans.Horse beans at both levels had a negative effect on milk yield (linear trend: P ≤ 0.05).     

Risk factors for Campylobacter infection in Norwegian cats and dogs

Rectal swabs from healthy cats and dogs, and from dogs and cats with clinical diarrhoea were collected approximately every third month from May 2000 to June 2001 from six small-animal practices throughout Norway. A questionnaire was filled in for each animal. Of the 301 healthy cats sampled, 54 (18%) were positive for Campylobacter, compared to 5 out of 31 (16%) cats with diarrhoea. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 11 (3%), C. upsaliensis from 42 (13%) and C. coli from 2 (0.6%) of the cats sampled. Isolates from four cats (1%) could not be specified. Of the 529 healthy dogs, 124 (23%) were positive for Campylobacter, compared to 18 of 66 (27%) dogs with diarrhoea. C. jejuni was isolated from 20 (3%) and C. upsaliensis from 117 (20%) of the dogs sampled. Isolates from five dogs (0.8%) could not be specified. Eighteen out of the 20 investigated C. upsaliensis samples were resistant to streptomycin. The clinically healthy animals were included in the analysis to identify factors associated with Campylobacter prevalence. The cat model had low classification ability. The dog-data model indicated increased odds of infection with Campylobacter for dogs ≤1 year, and in dogs sampled during the spring. No difference was observed between the prevalence of Campylobacter infections in cats and dogs with diarrhoea and healthy animals.     

Building a practice with a computer

It should be emphasized that the primary function of the computer is information-handling and communication. It remembers who and when and why, organizes the information, and then communicates by reminders, letters, labels, word processing, and statements. The computer becomes a faithful employee, not altogether immune from physical illness but generally ready to work at the flip of a switch. Best of all, the computer never asks for overtime or a percentage of the profits.