Influence of dietary l-carnitine on growth, biological traits and meat quality in Tilapia

This study was designed to determine whether l -carnitine supplementation is necessary in a tilapia diet containing low-fish meal and a high lipid level, which is beneficial economically and for the environment. The effects of dietary l -carnitine on the growth, body composition, blood traits and post-thaw drip from muscle in hybrid tilapia were investigated. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were fed to the fish with a mean body weight of 141.7 g for 168 days. The control diet contained fish meal as the major protein source with 7% lipid. Other diets contained 7% or 12% lipid, in which fish meal was largely replaced by plant proteins, and supplemented with l -carnitine or not. Results showed that supplemental dietary l -carnitine did not affect the growth performance, feed efficiency or protein efficiency ratio, while the supplementation significantly reduced the mesenteric fat ratio. Whole body and muscle proximate compositions were unaltered by any dietary treatment. The total plasma lipid, triacylglycerol and cholesterol values of tilapia fed diets with alternative plant proteins were significantly lower than those of the control fish, whereas increasing the dietary lipid content increased the aforementioned blood traits. A decrease in plasma ammonia and an increase in urea were observed in dietary l -carnitine-supplemented fish. Post-thaw drip from muscle was reduced in fish fed supplemental dietary l -carnitine. The observations of this study revealed that neither the growth performance nor the feed utilization of hybrid tilapia was improved by a dietary l -carnitine treatment, but that it did lead to a reduced mesenteric fat ratio, altered nitrogen metabolism and improved meat quality.     

气相色谱法测定水产品中氯霉素残留

介绍了水产品中氯霉素残留量测定的气相色谱法。样品中的氯霉素用乙酸乙酯提取,正己烷去脂肪,过Sep-C18柱进行净化,用BSTFA-TMCS衍生后进带有微电子俘获器的气相色谱仪检测。该方法的线性范围为0.5～500μg·L-1,相关系数r=0.999,最低检测限为0.1μg·kg-1,相对标准偏差为4.3%～11.0%,向样品中分别添加1μg·kg-1、10μg·kg-1和20μg·kg-13个浓度水平的氯霉素,回收率分别为62.0%、88.2%和96.4%。方法灵敏度高,准确可靠,适合水产品中氯霉素残留量的检测。     

Induction effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzymes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

BACKGROUND: The polyphagous B‐biotype Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) has developed a high resistance to commonly used insecticides in China. To illustrate the induced changes by host plant, bioassay and biochemical research on five different host populations were investigated. RESULTS: Except for bifenthrin, all tested insecticides showed lower toxicity to the B. tabaci poinsettia population compared with other host populations. Moreover, four insecticides, the exceptions being abamectin and fipronil, showed highest toxicity towards the tomato population. The LC₅₀ values of the poinsettia population, particularly towards acetamiprid, were 14.8‐, 10.3‐ and 7.29‐fold higher than those of tomato, cucumber and cabbage respectively. The CarE activities of B. tabaci cabbage and cucumber populations were all significantly higher than those of poinsettia, cotton and tomato populations. The ratio of the cabbage population was 1.97‐, 1.79‐ and 1.30‐fold higher than that of poinsettia, cotton and tomato respectively. The frequency profiles for this activity also have obvious differences. The GST and P450 activities of the cucumber population were the lowest in the five host populations. CONCLUSION: Long‐term induction of host plants for B‐biotype B. tabaci could influence their susceptibilities to several insecticides. Rational selection and usage of insecticides for particular hosts will be helpful for resistance management and control of this species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of ensiling whole crop oat with lucerne in different ratios on fermentation quality,aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility on the Tibetan plateau

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ensiling different ratios of whole crop oat to lucerne on fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of silage on the Tibetan plateau. Four experimental treatments were produced varying in the ratio of forages on a fresh matter (FM) basis: 1) 100% oat (control, dry matter (DM) content: 317 g/kg), 2) 90% oat + 10% lucerne (OL10, DM content: 316 g/kg), 3) 80% oat+ 20% lucerne (OL20, DM content: 317 g/kg) and 4) 70% oat+ 30% lucerne (OL30, DM content: 318 g/kg). All treatments were packed into laboratory‐scale silos and ensiled for 60 days and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 15 days. Further, the four experimental treatments were incubated in vitro with buffered rumen fluid to study the nutrient digestibility. All silages were well preserved with low pH and NH₃‐N contents, and high lactic acid contents and V‐scores (evaluation of silage quality). Increasing the lucerne proportion increased (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP) content of silage, whereas neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibre contents were not affected. Under aerobic conditions, the control silage showed higher (p < 0.05) yeast counts (>10⁵ cfu/g FM) followed by OL10 silage, and OL10 silage improved aerobic stability for 74 h. OL20 and OL30 silages showed fewer (p < 0.05) yeasts (<10⁵ cfu/g FM) and markedly (p < 0.05) improved the aerobic stability (>360 h). After 48‐h incubation, OL30 silage increased (p < 0.05) in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (IVNDFD) compared with the control silage. These results suggest that replacing oat with lucerne had no unfavourable effects on fermentation quality of silage, but improved CP content, aerobic stability IVDMD and IVNDFD. OL30 silage was the best among the three mixed silages.     

具有解钾活性假单胞菌的分离与鉴定

[目的]分离并鉴定具有解钾活性假单胞菌。[方法]以农田土壤为样本,在钾长石粉为唯一钾源的选择性培养基上分离并纯化解钾菌,并通过形态观察和16S r DNA序列分析对分离到的细菌进行鉴定。[结果]经梯度稀释涂布和平板划线分离,经初筛获得8株生长良好并具有解钾透明圈的细菌。将初筛后获得的细菌菌株进行发酵培养,利用原子吸收分光光度法测定发酵上清液中的速效钾含量,从中筛选出解钾能力较强的1株假单胞菌K3。通过形态观察发现,该菌株为革兰氏阴性杆菌。16S r DNA序列分析结果表明,该菌株与荧光假单胞菌F113亲缘关系最近,初步确定该菌株属假单胞菌属。[结论]该研究为微生物钾肥的开发提供了新的试材。     

Beneficial effects of dietary exogenous protease on the growth,intestinal health and immunity of GIFT (Oreochromis niloticus) fed plant‐based diets

This study investigated the effects of dietary exogenous protease on the growth performance, intestinal health, immune parameters and disease resistance of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). Five test diets with commercial protease at the levels of 0, 1.38, 2.76, 5.52 and 11.04 U/g (named PE0, PE1, PE2, PE5 and PE11, respectively) were administered to triplicate tanks with 30 fish for 60 days, and then, the fish were challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae for 14 days. The results indicated that weight gain increased as exogenous protease increased from 0 to 5.52 U protease/g diet and then decreased significantly (p < .05) with a further increase in exogenous protease supplementation (p < .05). The height of the villi in the proximal intestine and distal intestine, the width of the villi in three segments of the intestine, and the thickness of the muscle layer in the proximal intestine and mid‐intestine (p < .05) were increased in the fish fed the PE5 diet. Immune and antioxidant indices (except malondialdehyde), and survival after challenged with S. agalactiae were higher in fish fed PE5 diets than in those fed other diets (p < .05). In conclusion, 5.52 U/g protease supplementation in a plant‐based diet could promote the growth performance, intestinal physical barrier function, innate immunity and S. agalactiae resistance of GIFT.     

皂角苷对大菱鲆血细胞的溶血作用

通过显微观察初步测定了不同浓度皂角苷(2.5、5、12.5、25、50、125 mg/L)融解大菱鲆红细胞的时间及其对白细胞的裂解作用;比较了4℃与20℃条件下,不同浓度皂角苷(2.5、5、12.5、25、50 mg/L)在体外对大菱鲆血细胞的溶血活性;用不同浓度的皂角苷溶液浸浴大菱鲆,得出皂角苷对大菱鲆的半致死浓度;同时分析了不同浓度皂角苷(0、5、25、45 mg/L)浸泡大菱鲆后血液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力变化。结果显示,显微观察实验中红细胞溶血时间与皂角苷浓度呈对数负相关(R2=0.982 5),皂角苷对大菱鲆白细胞也具有细胞裂解作用;50mg/L的皂角苷在20℃条件下5 min即可导致血细胞100%溶血,而4℃时处理相同时间仅为42.2%;皂角苷对大菱鲆的24 h半致死浓度(24h LC50)为64.85 mg/L。本研究的结果从细胞水平上初步评价了皂角苷的溶血毒性,为其安全使用提供了理论支持。     

Effect of water temperature on the feeding activity and the resultant mercury levels in the muscle of cultured bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel)

Tuna muscle often contains high levels of mercury, and fish samples with mercury concentrations ten times higher than the specified safety standards have been reported. Here, we report on the relationship between water temperature and the concentration of mercury in the tail muscle tissue of cultured bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis. The fish used in this study were cultured at Fisheries Laboratory of Kinki University (Amami Experimental Station, Kagoshima, Japan). One hundred fish weighing 26.2–89.4 kg were selected for analysis between February 2007 and January 2008. Water temperature during rearing ranged from 21 to 29 °C. The total mercury levels were measured using the reduction vaporizing atomic absorption method after acid digestion. Body weight increased approximately 1.5 times that observed in a previous study, despite feeding activity either being the same or less than that observed previously. The average mercury concentration in white muscle was 0.353 mg kg^?1, remaining almost constant and independent of body growth. Unlike previous studies, seasonality was not observed in this study. Based on these findings, water temperatures within a certain range were considered to stabilize feeding activity and increase feeding efficiency. Consequently, water temperature is considered to have a moderating effect on seasonal fluctuations in muscle mercury concentrations in cultured bluefin tuna.     

茵陈蒿汤加味配合西药治疗犬传染性肝炎的试验研究

为了观察3种治疗方法治疗犬传染性肝炎的疗效并进行对比,选出较好的治疗方案,以提高犬传染性肝炎的治愈率。本研究选宠物医院确诊为犬传染性肝炎的病犬60只,将患犬随机分4组,分别采用茵陈篙汤加味配合西药、单用茵陈篙汤加味、单用西药的治疗方法,并设对照组。结果显示,茵陈篙汤加味配合西药组的治愈率86.67%;茵陈篙汤加味组治愈率73.33%;西药组治愈率66.67%;对照组治愈率为0。试验表明,采用茵陈篙汤加味配合西药治疗犬传染性肝炎的疗效高于其他两种方法,为临床治疗该病提供了确实可行的治疗方法。     

中华绒螯蟹血淋巴细胞的超微结构

改进常规血液细胞电镜制样技术 ,直接取中华绒螯蟹 (Eriocheirsinensis)血淋巴液固定、脱水、包埋、电镜观察。结果显示 ,中华绒螯蟹血淋巴具有 3类细胞 ,即无颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞。其中 ,无颗粒细胞的核质比最大 ,异染色质高度浓缩、边缘化 ,几乎没有常染色质 ,胞质内线粒体数目相对较多 ,与高等动物的中幼红细胞结构很相似 ,该细胞数目在中华绒螯蟹血淋巴中最多 ,可能担负着血液的能量转换功能 ;小颗粒细胞核内常染色质较多 ,内质网、高尔基体发达 ,胞质中存在 0 .2～ 0 .4 μm的电子致密颗粒 ,而且胞质中有许多大小不一的空泡 ,细胞表面有许多突起似伪足 ,类似高等动物的单核细胞 ,可能具有吞噬和消化异物的功能 ;大颗粒细胞胞质中的颗粒较大 ,直径 1.4～ 2 .0 μm ,胞质中具空泡 ,细胞表面也常见伪足突起 ,类似高等动物的嗜酸性粒细胞